<p>Sutton Bank is a hill in the Hambleton District of the North York Moors National Park, North Yorkshire in England. It is a high point on the Hambleton Hills with extensive views over the Vale of York and the Vale of Mowbray.</p><br>
<p>At the foot of Sutton Bank lies the village of Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe; at 27 letters long, it has the longest hyphenated placename in England.</p><br>
<p>The A170 road runs down the bank with a maximum gradient of 1 in 4 (25%), and including a hairpin bend. Vehicles have to keep in low gear whilst travelling up or down the bank, and caravans are banned from using the section.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Just to the south of Sutton Bank is Roulston Scar, the site of one of the most important prehistoric monuments in the region&mdash;a massive hillfort built in the Iron Age, around 400 BC. It was the approximate location of the attack of the Scots in a major victory Battle of Old Byland they defeated the forces of King Edward II and John of Brittany, Earl of Richmond.</p><br>
<p>In 1981 a body was found at Sutton Bank. She was never identified and she became known as the Sutton Bank Body.</p><br>
<p>In 2016 Sutton Bank was included on the route of the third stage of the Tour de Yorkshire cycle race.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>Because it faces the prevailing westerly winds, Sutton Bank has been used for ridge soaring since the early 1930s for the sport of gliding. The Yorkshire Gliding Club is based at the top of the hill.</p><br>
<p>Also at the top of the hill is the Sutton Bank National Park Centre, where a high-tech Lime & Ice exhibition tells the story of how the iconic landscape and view came to be through the dramatic action of ice age glaciers. There is also an official tourist information centre, a tea room and a gift shop. Outside, there is a car park, from where pushchair and wheelchair friendly paths leading to a viewing platform, which offers views of Roulston Scar, Hood Hill, Gormire Lake and beyond. There are many legends about Gormire Lake, one of which is that there is a submerged village beneath its waters.</p><br>
<p>There are lots of other walking trails close by, including southwards to the popular White Horse of Kilburn. The 110 mi long Cleveland Way National Trail crosses over Sutton Bank. It includes a spur to the White Horse of Kilburn.</p><br>
<p>The North York Moors National Park Authority has developed new cycle trails, which use a mixture of natural and man made trails similar to those found in a purpose built trail centre. Using the same style of trail marking, the mountain biking trails available are:</p><br>
<p>Cliff - 3 mile green mostly level, circular off-road cycle trail for families that in part follows the famous cliff edge. The trail opened at the end of 2013</p><br>
<p>Fort - 9 mile blue trail with 361m ascent/descent (70% stone, 30% natural surface) runs out past the site of the Iron Age fort at Boltby Scar. A shorter loop of 6 miles avoids the ascent/descent and is suitable for families. The Fort route also includes part of the Cliff Trail along the cliff edge.</p><br>
<p>Paradise - 17-mile red trail, making use of existing bridleways that have been upgraded but are shared with walkers and horse riders.</p><br>
<p>There is also a purpose-built bike skills area and a new cycle centre, Sutton Bank Bikes, offers cycle hire, training and skills courses, a bike wash, repair and servicing and a fully stocked cycle shop.</p><br>
<p>Sutton Bank is an official Dark Sky Discovery Site, one of two in the North York Moors.</p><br>
<p>El Quartelejo, or El Cuartelejo  is the name given to the archeological remains of the northernmost Indian pueblo and the only known pueblo in Kansas. Located in Lake Scott State Park, the remains of the stone and adobe pueblo are situated north of Scott City, Kansas, on Ladder Creek.</p><br>
<p>There are two possibilities for the origin of El Quartelejo. In 1664 a group of Pueblo Indians left New Mexico and were later rounded up and brought back by the Spanish. They may have constructed El Quartelejo, but more likely is the second possibility. After the collapse of the Pueblo Revolt (1680–1692) most Pueblo Indians accepted the return of Spanish dominion over their lives. A group from the Taos and Picuris Pueblos, however, did not. In 1696 this group fled New Mexico in search of a new home among the Plains Apache. They moved to the Great Plains and evaded the Spanish for ten years. During the years that followed came reports of Frenchmen attempting to trade with the Cuartelejo Apaches. The ill-fated Villazur expedition stopped at El Cuartelejo on its way north to investigate the extent of French influence. Near the forks of the Platte River, the Pawnees killed most of the party, reportedly under French direction. In 1706 they were captured and forced back to New Mexico. When the Pueblo Indians were seized, the Spanish commander, Juan de Ulibarrí, wrote that they were dwelling in houses of a permanent type. The Spanish called this settlement El Quartelejo and the region around it was called San Luis Province.</p><br>
<p>No Indians lived in El Quartelejo after 1706, but Spanish and French occasionally occupied the structure as a frontier outpost during the 18th century. By the 1730s raids by Comanche, Ute, and Pawnee had decimated the Cuartelejo Apache. The survivors moved south to join the Jicarilla Apache at Pecos. However, after 1763 and the French retreat from the area, the pueblo was abandoned with only a mound and a few irrigation ditches remaining. Eventually, its walls decayed and the structure was buried by drifting soil.</p><br>
<p>The pueblo was unknown to American explorers, but in 1898 archeologists rediscovered El Quartelejo. Since then, the site has been excavated to reveal that the pueblo was a seven-room structure, enough to house a small band of Indians. Near the pueblo are traces of shallow ditches extending from the nearby springs. These ditches were most likely used to irrigate crops in nearby fields.</p><br>
<p>Near here in 1878, Col. William H. Lewis, commanding troops from Fort Dodge, was fatally wounded in a battle with chief Dull Knife and his Northern Cheyennes. Lewis was the last army officer killed by Indians in Kansas.</p><br>
<p>In 1964, the El Quartelejo ruins were designated a National Historic Landmark, and the area is now part of Lake Scott State Park. The Scott Lake site was developed in 1971 as an interpretive exhibit by Kansas Historical Society archeologists. The outline of the ruins was restored and markers placed for park visitors to see. Since 2004, the National Park Service has listed the El Quartelejo site as "at risk" because of ongoing weather-related deterioration to the ruins.</p><br>
<p>El Quartelejo Museum in Scott City, Kansas is operated by the Scott County Historical Society. The free museum focuses on local interests, from prehistory to the present day. Temporary exhibits highlight contemporary arts or culture.</p><br>
<p>The Spanish spelling of El Quartelejo is with a “C”: El Cuartelejo. The English spelling is with a “Q”: El Quartelejo. They are both correct and are used interchangeablely at the museum and the park.</p><br>
<p>Spectacle Island is a 105-acre island in Boston Harbor, 4 mi offshore of downtown Boston, Massachusetts. It is part of the city of Boston. The island has a varied history, and today is a public park with a marina, visitor center, cafe, lifeguarded swimming beach, and five miles of walking trails,</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>The island was initially composed of two small drumlins connected by a spit, with an approximate size of 49 acre. The name is believed to derive from its then-resemblance to a pair of spectacles. However, dumping of trash and dirt, together with subsequent landscaping, have resulted in a significantly larger island with a permanent size of 85 acre, plus an intertidal zone of a further 28 acre.</p><br>
<p>The island is now composed of two artificial earth mounds, terraced with retaining walls, roads and newly planted vegetation. With a height above sea level of 157 ft, Spectacle Island is now one of the highest points on Boston Harbor. The island&#39;s inner harbor acreage is 114, with 85.5 upland acres and 28.4 intertidal acres.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Starting in the early 19th century, the island was used exclusively for its relative remoteness from Boston. Two hotels were built in 1847, only to be closed by police ten years later when it was discovered they were used for gambling and other illicit activities. can be seen in the background.</p><br>
<p>A horse rendering plant was built on Spectacle Island in 1857, followed by a city trash incinerator that remained active until 1935. When the incinerator closed, trash was simply dumped on the island for the next thirty years. A bulldozer was supposedly swallowed up by the trash sometime during the 1950s. The island remained a smelly, leaking dump until the 1990s.</p><br>
<p>Two sets of range lights were erected on the island by the United States Lighthouse Service. The Spectacle Island Range Lights were established in 1897 to mark the last leg of the channel into Boston itself, past Governor&#39;s Island; they were not long-lived and were discontinued in 1913. The Broad Sound Channel Inner Range Lights were first lit in 1903 and discontinued around 1950; these indicated the middle leg of the trip. No trace of any of these lights remains.</p><br>
<p>When the Central Artery/Third Harbor Tunnel Project, or the Big Dig, began work in Boston in 1992, some of the project&#39;s excavated dirt and clay was used to resurface the island. The island was covered and built up by dirt, capped with two feet of clay, and covered with two to five feet of topsoil. Thousands of trees were planted, and paths, buildings, and a dock were built.</p><br>
<p>Spectacle Island opened to the public in June 2006 for use as a recreational area with hiking trails, a beach, a visitors&#39; center with cafe, and a marina with 38 boat slips for visitors.</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>Spectacle Island is accessible to the public either through a ferry from Long Wharf or to private watercraft at the island&#39;s marina. Ferries run hourly from and to Boston as well as from and to Georges Island. The marina was closed for almost two years in the late 2010s due to repairs required as the result of a storm in the winter of 2015. As of July 2017, the marina is open and public moorings are available.</p><br>
<h2>Popular culture</h2><br>
<p>Spectacle Island is featured in the video game Fallout 4.</p><br>
<p>The island plays an important role in the novel Zodiac: An Eco-Thriller, by author Neal Stephenson.</p><br>
<p>Hunstrete Lake is a mature lake of 5 acre. Two new lakes of 3.5 acres where constructed alongside in the 1990s. They are situated just to the south of the village of Hunstrete, Somerset; south of Bristol, and 7 mi west of Bath. It is surrounded by a belt of trees, and at the north-west end this merges into Lord&#39;s Wood, Pensford.</p><br>
<p>The lakes are used for angling, and are noted for their carp and tench.</p><br>
<h2>Biodiversity</h2><br>
<p>The lake is a breeding site for great crested grebe; there is also a large breeding population of common toad. A number of bat species have also been recorded at the site including the common pipistrelle Pipistrellus pipistrellus, soprano pipistrelle Pipistrellus pygmaeus, noctule Nyctalus noctula, Daubenton&#39;s bat Myotis daubentonii and lesser horseshoe bat Rhinolophus hipposideros.</p><br>
<p>The scarce violet helleborine orchid is found in small quantities in the woodland along the north edge of the first pond to the west of the main lake.</p><br>
<p>Hungry Hill  is a mountain on the Beara Peninsula, County Cork, in the Republic of Ireland.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The first part of the Irish name Cnoc Daod means "hill". The second part may be a dialectal variant of déad, meaning "tooth", "set of teeth" or "jaw". It has been anglicized as Knockdhead and Knockday.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>With a height of 685 m it is the highest peak of the Caha Mountains and the 130th highest in Ireland. Hungry Hill lies on the border of counties Cork and Kerry, although the peak is on the Cork side.</p><br>
<p>There is a cairn at the summit and a number of standing stones to the south and east of the mountain. At its eastern foot are two lakes — Coomadayallig and Coomarkane — which both drain into the Mare&#39;s Tail waterfall. This is the highest waterfall in Ireland and the UK.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>Hungry Hill is the title and setting of a 1943 novel by English author Daphne du Maurier. Her descriptions of the mountain and environs are markedly similar to the actual location. In the novel, the name of the mountain is metaphoric, as during the course of the novel the mountain seems to ‘swallow’ successive generations of the Broderick family, who own and mine the mountain. The story is reputedly based on the Irish ancestors of Daphne du Maurier’s friend Christopher Puxley.</p><br>
<p>Markopoulo Mesogaias  is a suburban town and a municipality in East Attica, Greece. The municipality has an area of 81.844 km.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The municipality Markopoulo Mesogaias is situated in the Mesogaia plain, in the eastern part of the Attica peninsula, and touches the Aegean Sea coast in the east, where the port town Porto Rafti is located. The town Markopoulo is in the western part of the municipality, at about 80 m elevation. It is 5 km north of Kalyvia Thorikou, 6 km east of Koropi and 21 km southeast of Athens city centre. Greek National Road 89 (Gerakas - Koropi - Lavrio - Sounio) passes through Markopoulo. Athens International Airport is 4 km north of the town. Markopoulo had a railway station on the Athens–Lavrion Railway, which closed for passenger traffic in 1957.</p><br>
<h3>Settlements</h3><br>
<p>Agía Triáda (2011 census pop. 218)</p><br>
<p>Vravróna, ancient Brauron (pop. 195) - located in the northeast by the Aegean Sea</p><br>
<p>Chamoliá (pop. 185)</p><br>
<p>Koulidás (pop. 243)</p><br>
<p>Markópoulo (pop. 9,513) - the municipal seat</p><br>
<p>Poriá (pop. 0)</p><br>
<p>Porto Rafti or Limín Markopoúlou (pop. 9,686)</p><br>
<h2>Sports</h2><br>
<p>Markopoulo was the home to two venues of the 2004 Summer Olympics: the Markopoulo Olympic Equestrian Centre and the Markopoulo Olympic Shooting Centre.</p><br>
<p>Markopoulos women volleyball team plays in the A1 Ethniki Womens Volleyball, the highest level national competition.</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>SkyGreece Airlines has its corporate headquarters in Markopoulo Mesogaias.</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<p>The Berkeley City Club was commissioned as the club house of the Berkeley Women&#39;s City Club organized in Berkeley, California in 1927 to contribute to social, civic, and cultural progress. This private club is no longer restricted to women, and the club house building is available to the public at large for overnight stays, weddings and other occasions.</p><br>
<p>The building, constructed in 1929, is one of the outstanding works of noted California architect Julia Morgan. The San Francisco-born Morgan was the first woman to gain admission and earn a certificate from the Ecole de Beaux-Arts in Paris (1902) and the first licensed female architect in California. She designed over 100 women&#39;s organization buildings throughout her career.</p><br>
<p>Her interpretation of Moorish and Gothic elements in the Berkeley Women&#39;s City Club created a landmark of California design. It is registered as California Historical Landmark and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NPS-7700028).</p><br>
<p>The Big Well is a large historic water well in Greensburg, Kansas, United States. It was built in 1887 at a cost of $45,000 to provide water for the Santa Fe and Rock Island railroads, and it served as the municipal water supply until 1932.</p><br>
<p>It is billed as the worlds largest hand-dug well, at 109 ft deep and 32 ft in diameter. The Well of Joseph in the Cairo Citadel at 280 ft deep and the Pozzo di S. Patrizio (St. Patricks Well) built in 1527 in Orvieto, Italy, at 61 m deep by 13 m wide are both actually larger.</p><br>
<p>It was designated a National Museum in 1972; in 1973 it was awarded an American Water Landmark by the American Water Works Association. Under the name of "Greensburg Well," it has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) since 1972.</p><br>
<p>Visitors entered the well for a small fee, descending an illuminated stairway to the bottom of the well.</p><br>
<h2>Visitor center</h2><br>
<p>The well had a visitors center detailing the history of the wells construction. On May 4, 2007, a tornado hit Greensburg, destroying the center. The well reopened on May 26, 2012.</p><br>
<p>The visitors center also displayed a Brenham half-ton (1,000 lb, 450 kg) pallasite meteorite recovered from the area. The meteorite was billed as the worlds largest single-piece pallasite, but that title is held by other samples. It was reported that the Big Well visitor center was destroyed, and the meteorite was missing on May 7, after an EF5 tornado destroyed the town. The meteorite, which was insured for $1 million, was later located underneath a collapsed wall and was displayed temporarily at the Sternberg Museum of Natural History in Hays, Kansas. It has returned to the reconstructed museum site.</p><br>
<p>The Olivas Adobe in Ventura, California is an adobe structure built in 1841 by Raymundo Olivas on the north bank of the Santa Clara River about a mile from the estuary where it flows into the Santa Barbara Channel.</p><br>
<p>Olivas received, in recognition of his service at the Presidio of Santa Barbara, approximately 2,250 acre as part of land grant from Governor Juan Bautista Alvarado in 1841, which he named Rancho San Miguel. The land had originally been part of grazing area for the cattle herds of Mission San Buenaventura but was appropriated during the secularization of the missions lands.</p><br>
<p>Olivas built the adobe home in 1841, and expanded it in 1849 to two stories, making it the only such building in the area. He and his wife and their 21 children lived here until 1899. It later became Max Fleischmann&#39;s hunting lodge (of yeast and margarine fame). After his death, his foundation donated the land and the house to the City of Ventura.</p><br>
<p>The Olivas Adobe is registered as California Historical Landmark #115 and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<p>The Croll Building, in Alameda, California, was the site of Croll&#39;s Gardens and Hotel, famous as training quarters for some of the greatest fighters in boxing history from 1883 to 1914. James J. Corbett, Bob Fitzsimmons, Jim Jefferies, Jack Johnson, and many other champions all stayed and trained here.</p><br>
<p>Today this building is home to 1400 Bar & Grill. The stained glass, elaborate etched windows, and carved wooden bar remain as they were when Neptune Beach was a popular attraction.</p><br>
<p>The second floor of the building is currently a residential hotel, with the third floor of the building being office space.</p><br>
<p>The building is registered as California Historical Landmark and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NPS-82000960). It is located at the corner of Webster Street and Central Avenue. A large "Croll&#39;s" neon sign marks the location.</p><br>
<p>The Drachenfels  is a hill  in the Siebengebirge uplands between Königswinter and Bad Honnef in Germany. The hill was formed by rising magma that could not break through to the surface, and then cooled and became solid underneath. It is the subject of much tourism and romanticism in the North Rhine-Westphalia area.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The ruined castle Burg Drachenfels, on the summit of the hill, was built between 1138 and 1167 by Archbishop Arnold I of Cologne and bears the same name. It was originally intended for the protection of the Cologne region from any assault from the south. Originally it consisted of a bergfried with court, chapel and living quarters for servants. The castle was slighted in 1634, during the Thirty Years&#39; War, by the Protestant Swedes and never rebuilt. As a strategic asset it had outlived its usefulness. Erosion due to the continued quarrying undermined much of the remains and only a small part is left today.</p><br>
<p>The rock, like the rest of the Siebengebirge, is formed by the remnants of a volcano and has been the site of a trachyte quarry since Roman times, which, amongst others, delivered the building material for the Cologne Cathedral. Of all the hills in the Siebengebirge, it is closest to the river Rhine, which facilitates easy transport by barges, thus making it an excellent place for a quarry. Quarrying ended in 1836, when the Prussian government bought the quarry. In 1922 the first protection measures were put in place and in 1956 the site was declared a national park.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>The rock and the ruins gained popularity in the romantic era, after the Napoleonic Wars had ended. The visit of Lord Byron to and its appearance in Childe Harold&#39;s Pilgrimage provided the rock with international attention. It soon became a highlight of the so-called Rhine romanticism. Poems were composed by people like Edward Bulwer-Lytton and locally by Heinrich Heine. Thus popularized, and, since 1883, accessible by rail it evolved into a tourist attraction, which it still is.</p><br>
<p>A neogothic castle, lower on the hill, is named Schloss Drachenburg and was built in 1882 by Baron. Both the top and Schloss Drachenburg can be reached by the Drachenfelsbahn, a rack railway built in the 19th century to satisfy demand from growing tourism. The Drachenfels is sometimes irreverently called Schwiegermutterfelsen (mother-in-law rock) or jokingly referred to as "the highest hill in Holland" because of its popularity among Dutch tourists. It is the first substantial elevation one encounters when traveling upstream on the Rhine from the Netherlands.</p><br>
<p>In the 1970s a new restaurant (with view) was built on top of the hill in the then popular brutalistic style. In January 2011 work began to demolish it, renovate the buildings from the 1930s and replace the restaurant with a glass cube. The project is expected to be finished in the summer of 2012.</p><br>
<h2>Legends</h2><br>
<p>Several legends surround the Drachenfels, most famously that Siegfried – the hero of the Nibelungenlied – killed the dragon Fafnir, who lived in a cave in the hill, then bathed in its blood to become invulnerable. Hence, the hill is named the "Dragon&#39;s Rock", Drachenfels.</p><br>
<p>About a third of the way up is the Nibelungenhalle, built in 1913, a gallery of paintings by the symbolist painter Hermann Hendrich depicting scenes from Richard Wagner&#39;s operas.</p><br>
<p>Another legend tells of prisoners being sacrificed to a dragon. One of these was a Christian virgin, who, in her fear, held up a little cross. In fear of this holy symbol, the dragon jumped into the Rhine and was never heard from again.</p><br>
<p>A third, less pious, story has it the dragon one day attacked a boat laden with gunpowder, causing an explosion which destroyed the ship and killed the dragon.</p><br>
<h2>Viticulture</h2><br>
<p>Next to Oberdollendorf, some 10 km downstream the Drachenfels is the most northerly slope used for viticulture along the Rhine. Riesling dominates, but in smaller quantities also Gewürztraminer, Scheurebe, Dornfelder, Kerner, Grau-, Weiss- and Spätburgunder are cultivated. The slopes are maintained and harvested by hand, since they are too steep for machinery.</p><br>
<p>Cockatoo Island is an island in the Buccaneer Archipelago off the coast of Western Australia near the town of Derby. It was mined for iron ore by the Broken Hill Proprietary Company from 1951 until 1984. Koolan Island is a neighbouring island that was also mined by BHP for high grade iron ore. It is now owned by Perth-based mining company, Pluton Resources.</p><br>
<h2>Iron ore mining</h2><br>
<p>The ironstone of Cockatoo Island was known to pearl luggers in the 1880s, who used it as ballast on their voyages. The Broken Hill Proprietary Company first acquired leases to the island&#39;s mineral deposits in 1928, via the company&#39;s subsidiary, Australian Iron and Steel Ltd. The island was first surveyed in 1930, then again more comprehensively in 1936. The island was evacuated with the outbreak of World War II and work on the deposit did not resume until 1944.</p><br>
<p>By October 1945 over 100 men were employed on Cockatoo Island and work was underway laying a foundation for the processing plant, building a jetty and layout the township. Iron ore mining began in 1951. In 1952, the island&#39;s population numbered 150. By 1954, the mine was capable of shipping up to 2 million tonnes of iron ore annually.</p><br>
<p>The BHP operated the mine and managed the township from its establishment until 1984 when the ore body had been mined down to sea level. HWE Mining and Portman Mining Ltd re-opened operations in the 1990s by first retreating waste-rock from old BHP dumps, then forming a seawall and commencing mining below sea level.</p><br>
<p>The townsite established by BHP contained a school, movie theatre, and even a lockup prison.</p><br>
<p>The first shipment of iron ore from the island was made in the vessel Iron Yampi, which was purpose-built at the Whyalla shipyard. It was one of a fleet of four bulk-carriers built to transport the ore for smelting at Australian steelworks. The Iron Kimberley was another of them.</p><br>
<h2>Other use</h2><br>
<p>During the 1980s businessman Alan Bond and wife, Eileen Bond, opened a tourist resort using the old mining village&#39;s infrastructure. The resort was closed and sold to HWE Mining, however the chalets are still used by workers on the island.</p><br>
<p>The Buccaneer Archipelago is a group of islands off the coast of Western Australia near the town of Derby in the Kimberley region. The closest inhabited place is Bardi located about 54 km from the western end of the island group.</p><br>
<p>The Archipelago, covering over 50 km&sup2;. is located at the head of King Sound and is composed of about 800 islands found between King Sound and Collier Bay near Yampi Sound. The area experiences a huge tidal range, of over 12 m, which once wreaked havoc on the pearling fleet that operated in the area last century.</p><br>
<p>The islands&#39; rocks are over 2 billion years old, as is the surrounding coastline. The islands themselves were formed more recently as a result of rising sea levels, creating a drowned coastline. The rocks are ancient Precambrian sandstones. The islands are generally rocky, many with high cliffs. The islands are in almost pristine condition as a result of their isolation and difficulty of access. Some are sparsely vegetated with patches of rain-forest, and areas fringed with mangroves where silt has built up.</p><br>
<p>The traditional owners of the area are the Mayala group made up of the Yawijibaya and Unggarranggu peoples although the Baada have traditional rights of fishing and trochus.</p><br>
<p>The archipelago was named after the English buccaneer and privateer William Dampier, who charted the area in 1688, by Philip Parker King in 1820.</p><br>
<h2>Islands</h2><br>
<p>Buffalo Lake is a large lake in central Alberta. It is located in at the limit between Camrose County, the County of Stettler No. 6 and Lacombe County, approximately 40 km east of Red Deer.</p><br>
<p>The lake lies in the Red Deer River basin, and has a water surface of 93.5 km² and a drainage area of 1,440 km².</p><br>
<p>The recreational areas of Boss Hill, Rochon Sands, White Sands and The Narrows are established on the shores of the lake, as is the Rochon Sands Provincial Park.</p><br>
<p>The lake has three main bays: First is the larger Main Bay which is 6.5 meters at its deep point and has two islands. Second is Secondary Bay which is smaller than main bay and has one large island which is privately owned. Last is Parlby Bay (also known as mirror bay) which Is a lot smaller than the other bays and has Parlby Creek flowing through it. The lake supports a decent amount of Northern Pike and Burbot. There is also another shallow bay at the most northern part of the lake called Jarvis Bay.</p><br>
<p>The Clarke Island , part of the Furneaux Group, is an 82 km&sup2; island in Bass Strait, south of Cape Barren Island, about 15 mi off the northeast coast of Tasmania, Australia.</p><br>
<p>Off its west coast lies the shipwreck of HMS Litherland, which sank in 1853 and was discovered in 1983. Clarke Island is Tasmania&#39;s eighth largest island. The island is privately owned by Connor Bradley.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>On 28 February 1797, Sydney Cove, en route from Calcutta to Port Jackson, sailed into Banks Strait in strong winds and ran aground between Preservation Island and Rum Island. A party of seventeen men set off on 28 February 1787 in the ship&#39;s longboat to reach help at Port Jackson, 400 nmi away. This was led by first mate Hugh Thompson, and included William Clark the supercargo, three European seaman and twelve lascars. Ill fortune struck again and they were wrecked on the mainland at the northern end of Ninety Mile Beach. Their only hope was to walk along the shore all the way to Sydney, a distance of over 600 km.</p><br>
<p>They had few provisions and no ammunition, and fatigue and hunger lessened their number as they marched. Along the way they encountered various aboriginal people, some friendly and some not. The last of the party to die on the march was killed by a man Dilba and his people near Hat Hill. Those people had a reputation around Port Jackson for being ferocious. Matthew Flinders and George Bass had feared for their safety when they encountered Dilba the previous year.</p><br>
<p>In May 1797 the three survivors of the march, William Clark, sailor John Bennet and one lascar had made it to the cove at Wattamolla and, on 15 May 1797, with their strength nearly at an end they were able to signal a boat out fishing, which took them on to Sydney.</p><br>
<p>On the march Clark had noted coal in the cliffs at what is now called Coalcliff between Sydney and Wollongong. This was the first coal found in Australia. On arrival at Port Jackson, the men informed Governor Hunter of the Sydney Cove and its remaining crew. Hunter despatched the Francis and the Eliza to salvage the ship and take the remaining crew and cargo to Port Jackson.</p><br>
<p>On the first salvage trip, and a live animal was taken back to Port Jackson. Matthew Flinders travelling on board the Francis on its third and final salvage trip also decided to take a wombat specimen from the island to Port Jackson. Governor Hunter later sent the animal&#39;s corpse to Joseph Banks at the Literary and Philosophical Society to verify it as a new species. The island was named Clarke island after William Clark</p><br>
<h2>Recent developments</h2><br>
<p>The root fungus pathogen, Phytophthora cinnamomi, known to be able to kill Australian native plants was found in the island in an isolated case, in 2002.</p><br>
<p>Introduced animals still inhabiting the island include rabbits, cats and rats.</p><br>
<p>On 10 May 2005, the government released Crown lands on both Cape Barren and Clarke Island to be overseen by the local Aboriginal association. This marked the first official handover of Crown land to an Aboriginal community in Tasmania., Clarke Island had one permanent resident. Current infrastructure is limited and ageing.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>A prominent feature of Clarke Island is a central plateau that rises 350 ft. This inland highland provides a limited water catchment from which water flows directly to the sea. The highest elevation point is 676 ft, located on a northwestern point of the island.To the East of the Island are a collection of white beaches in the Rutherford Cove area.</p><br>
<p>Buhen was an ancient Egyptian settlement situated on the West bank of the Nile below  the Second Cataract in what is now Northern State, Sudan. On the East bank, across the river, was located an ancient settlement of Wadi Halfa.</p><br>
<h2>Old Kingdom</h2><br>
<p>In the Old Kingdom (about 2686–2181 BC) it was the site of a small trading post in Nubia that was also used for copper working. The settlement may have been established during the reign of Sneferu (4th dynasty). Nevertheless, there is evidence of still earlier, 2nd dynasty, occupation at Buhen.</p><br>
<p>An archaeological investigation in 1962 revealed what was described as an ancient copper factory.</p><br>
<p>Graffiti and other inscribed items from the site show that the Egyptians stayed about 200 years, until late in the 5th dynasty, when they were probably forced out by immigration from the south.</p><br>
<h2>Fortress</h2><br>
<p>Buhen is known for its large fortress, probably constructed during the rule of Senusret III in around 1860 BC (12th dynasty).</p><br>
<p>Senusret III conducted four campaigns into Kush and established a line of forts within signalling distance of one another; Buhen was the northernmost of these. The other forts along the banks were Mirgissa, Shalfak, Uronarti, Askut, Dabenarti, Semna, and Kumma. The Kushites captured Buhen during the 13th dynasty, and held it until Ahmose I recaptured it at the beginning of the 18th dynasty. It was stormed and recaptured by indigenous forces at the end of Egypt&#39;s 20th dynasty.</p><br>
<p>The fortress itself extended more than 150 m along the west bank of the Nile. It covered 13,000 m&sup2, and had within its wall a small town laid out in a grid system. At its peak it probably had a population of around 3500 people. The fortress also included the administration for the whole fortified region of the Second Cataract. Its fortifications included a moat three metres deep, drawbridges, bastions, buttresses, ramparts, battlements, loopholes, and a catapult. The walls of the fort were about 5 m thick and 10 m high.</p><br>
<p>The fortress at Buhen is now submerged under Lake Nasser as a result of the construction of the Aswan Dam in 1964. Before the site was covered with water, it was excavated by a team led by Walter Bryan Emery.</p><br>
<p>Buhen had a temple of Horus built by Hatshepsut, which was moved to the National Museum of Sudan in Khartoum prior to the flooding of Lake Nasser.</p><br>
<p>Como Bluff is a long ridge extending east-west, located between the towns of Rock River and Medicine Bow, Wyoming. The ridge is an anticline, formed as a result of compressional geological folding. Three geological formations, the Sundance, the Morrison, and the Cloverly Formations, containing fossil remains from the Late Jurassic of the Mesozoic Era are exposed. Nineteenth century paleontologists discovered many well-preserved specimens of dinosaurs, as well as mammals, turtles, crocodilians, and fish from the Morrison Formation. Because of this, Como Bluff is considered to be one of the major sites for the early discovery of dinosaur remains. Among the species discovered is the only known specimen of Coelurus. Significant discoveries were made in 22 different areas scattered along the entire length of the ridge. It is included on the National Register of Historic Places as well as the National Natural Landmark list.</p><br>
<h2>History of discovery</h2><br>
<p>The discovery of dinosaurs at Como Bluff has been recounted numerous times, most notably by Schuchert and LeVene, Shur, Ostrom and McIntosh, and Jaffe. Most of the specimens were collected by men working for O.C. Marsh between 1877-1889, although some were collected by the Hubbel brothers for E.D. Cope between 1879-1880. The American Museum of Natural History excavated in 1897 -1898, finding two partial skeletons of sauropods. A summary of the quarries and their contents is given below.</p><br>
<p>In later years, the American Museum of Natural History and Yale University jointly reopened Quarry 9, the Mammal Quarry, 1968-1970, finding only a few specimens. More recently, Robert Bakker has done some collecting there with a variety of groups.</p><br>
<h2>Como Bluff historical quarries (pre-1900)</h2><br>
<p>Data source:.</p><br>
<p>(h)=holotype</p><br>
<p>The Ludueña Stream  is a small river  in the , which starts near the city of Rosario and flows through it, mostly east-southwards, ending in the Paraná River in the neighbourhood commonly known as Arroyito, near Rosario Central&#39;s football stadium.</p><br>
<p>The Ludueña drains an 800 km&sup2; area which includes Rosario and several smaller towns (Pérez, Zavalla, Pujato, Funes, Roldán, San Jerónimo, Luis Palacios, Ricardone, Ibarlucea, and Camilo Aldao). Parts of its drainage basin are subject to flooding. The last important episode, in 1986, affected several neighbourhoods of the north-east of Rosario (notably the barrios of Ludueña Norte and Empalme Graneros, where water was almost 2 m deep in some points). This flood sparked a grassroots movement to pressure the provincial government to fund preventive measures.</p><br>
<p>A length of 1.5 km of the Ludueña Stream were piped into five underground closed conduits, with a cross section of 74 m², which cross densely populated areas and resurface to empty the stream into a final open section a few hundred metres from the Paraná River. In 1995, after two-year works, an earth-fill dam in the upper course of the Ludueña was completed; it is designed as a buffer, to contain and regulate sudden peaks of waterflow, and according to estimates it directly or indirectly benefits about 200,000 people in Rosario and nearby towns.</p><br>
<h2>March 2007 floods</h2><br>
<p>Between the end of March and the beginning of April 2007, more than a week of increased rainfall in a wide area around the Paraná-Plata basin raised the level of the Paraná River and many of its tributaries. The Ibarlucea Canal, which empties into the Ludueña Stream, overflowed and caused the evacuation of several thousand people. The Ludueña Stream did not actually overflow, but brought alarm to the populous neighbourhoods which had suffered from floods in the past.</p><br>
<p>Some works that were needed to prevent the overflow of the Ibarlucea Canal had not been finished. It was later shown that if they had, the extra flow would have moved into the Ludueña proper and brought it over the brink.</p><br>
<p>The Jackson Ferry Shot Tower is 75 ft tall tower used for manufacturing lead shot located in Wythe County, Virginia and now adjacent to the New River Trail State Park, a lineal rail trail park connecting the historic towns of Pulaski and Galax, Virginia.</p><br>
<p>As one of the few remaining shot towers in the United States, the Jackson Ferry tower was constructed by Thomas Jackson and is the centerpiece of the Shot Tower Historical State Park. Construction began on the tower shortly after the American Revolutionary War and was completed in 1807. The tower was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 1, 1969.</p><br>
<h2>Manufacturing process</h2><br>
<p>Shot towers or shot factories were designed and constructed to manufacture lead shot for firearms. At the top of the tower, a firewood furnace melted lead with arsenic, which was poured through a sieve forming drops of lead corresponding to the size of the sieve. The lead droplets would fall 150 feet, become spherical, cool sufficiently to become rigid and drop into a large kettle of water at the bottom of the tower, completing the cooling process and provide a soft enough landing to keep the shot from deforming. The finished shot was then marketed to hunters, traders and merchants.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Welshman William Herbert, an expert ore smelter, and his extended family were living in Bristol, England when he accepted the offer to come to the Virginia wilderness and make the mines profitable. He designed the shot tower much like the Redcliffe shot tower he was familiar with in Bristol, built in 1753 by William Watts, his former employer. Watts later patented the method used to drip the molten lead from a considerable height into the body of water below, a process "for making small shot perfectly globular in form and without dimples, notches and imperfections which other shot hereto manufactured usually have on their surface".</p><br>
<p>The deed of the shot towers land was recorded in William Herberts name on March 28, 1767.</p><br>
<p>Herbert also purchased land in the nearby counties Russell and Washington. Herbert had a patent for land between Dungannon and Grays Island on Clinch River. Richard Staunton settled very early on Stauntons Creek in Scott Co., Va. and it was for him the stream was named. In the early 1750s, Richard was living with his father Thomas Staunton at present day Poplar Camp in Wythe County, Virginia Thomas Staunton sold his land to Capt. William Herbert and moved to North Carolina.</p><br>
<p>An advertisement in the August 30, 1791 edition of the Virginia Chronicle detailing the manufacturing of shot at the Shot Factory in Southwest Virginia may suggest that the tower dates to before 1800.</p><br>
<h2>William Herbert</h2><br>
<p>William Herbert came to America by request of Colonel John Chiswell for the purpose of developing the ore rich mines discovered by Chiswell and financed for development by Chiswell, John Robinson and William Byrd III. The mining and ammunitions business became very successful. The pioneer fort, Fort Chiswell was built not only for the protection of the local citizens but also to protect the financial interests of Chiswell&#39;s group. Citizens complained and thus the mining operation was deemed to be in violation of a treaty with the Cherokee Indians. The Commonwealth of Virginia ordering a cease of lead production until the beginning of the Revolutionary War.</p><br>
<p>In the lawsuit "Herbert vs. Ferrell" information in gained about the immigration of Wm Herbert, his father, brother, brother-in-law and other "Welsh miners". According to this, William Herbert signed a seven-year contract in Bristol England with Col. John Chiswell representing John Robinson & Wm. Byrd to manage their mine and smelting/refining works in the colonies. Herbert who had been raised in the city, was forced to learn how to farm. When Chiswell tried to reclaim the land and homes of the Welsh miners, William Herbert&#39;s extended families were made to other states and find ways to make a living.</p><br>
<p>The mines were alternately referred to as the Chiswell mines and Welsh Mines and was the main supply of ammunition during the Revolutionary and Civil Wars. The Shot Tower is sometimes erroneously credited to Thomas Jackson; perhaps he restored or rebuilt it. There was clearly a shot tower built and used there well before Thomas Jackson came to America. J Thomas Jackson was employed as a mining smith at the Austinville lead mine. In 1804 Jackson purchased an interest in the mine, long after the death of William Herbert (according to architectural historian Richard M. Casella).</p><br>
<p>The Wythe County Lead Mines was the main source of lead for the colonies during the American Revolutionary War. According to the Mary Kegley book, Wythe County, Virginia - A Bicentennial History 1989, William Herbert and wife, her maidservants, his parents David and Martha Herbert, his brother David, Jr. and his sister, Mary, all came to Wythe Co, Virginia at the request of John Chiswell and his business partners, William Byrd III and John Robinson (Chiswell&#39;s brother-in-law), from Wales because (William) Herbert was "knowledgeable in the art or mystery of smelting and refining ores and metals, for he had been brought up in that business. In, fact when he was married to Sarah Fry in Bristol Dec 1758, he was identified as a "smelt refiner of silver". p. 328 "... the Welsh miners came from Bristol, England to the wilderness of Virginia and had produced lead successfully... it soon became apparent that the lead mines were vital to the War for Independence... there was a great scarcity in this country... the New River Lead Mines became the primary source of lead for the colonies." p. 330</p><br>
<p>Captain William Herbert served his new country as Militia Captain in Lord Dunmore&#39;s War and the American Revolution including the Battle of Point Pleasant. He may have been too ill to have participated in the Battle of Trenton as there is record of him visiting a doctor in 1765 at Bethabara North Carolina Moravian settlement. It is doubtful that he died at the Battle of Trenton (Dec 1776).Captain Herbert likely died from lead poisoning. On 3 September 1776 his will was recorded in the Fincastle-Montgomery Will Book B, p. 31. It confirmed that the Herberts had lived in Parish of St. Philips & Jacob, Bristol, England and were of Welsh heritage.</p><br>
<p>William Herberts plantation was called "Poplar Camp" and was located near the present day community of the same name in Wythe County, Virginia, just across the road from the main entrance of the Shot Tower State Park on state route 52 behind the present day Jackson house. He owned many thousands of acres of land there; he was the first person to build a ferry across the New River which ran through his property.(Now called Jacksons Ferry). This ferry was operational through the year 1930. When the new County of Botetourt was formed, William was Justice of the Peace in 1770. He was one of the founders of Boiling Springs Presbyterian Church.</p><br>
<p>"Chalkey&#39;s Chronicles of the Scotch-Irish Settlement in Virginia": extracted..., Volume II" states: "In 1770 William Herbert made a settlement upon wasted and unappropriated land on Cubb Creek in Washington County, and occupied it until 1776, when his overseer was killed by the Indians when Rawley Duncan took possession. Herbert died testate in 1776, which was proved on 3d September, 1776, Fincastle County, leaving William Herbert heir at law..."</p><br>
<p>Moses Austin (father of Stephen F. Austin) and his brother Stephen Austin owned the lead mines and surrounding operations during the 1790s. Within the Austin Papers (a collection of writings, letters, and business ledgers by Moses and descendants) the manufacturing of shot in Wythe County is referenced on several occasions. Shot is itemized in a 1794 business ledger. Shot is also referenced in a desperate letter from Stephen Austin to James Austin in Austinville dated 12 September 1798. "as in paying part cash and goods should sopose you may imploy waggon and I want all the shot rushd on to Linchbourgh (Lynchburg, Virginia) possible that it may be ready at Richmond to ship before the river closes". In 1798, James Austin was superintendent of the lead mines operation in Austinville VA, just 3.5 miles from the Shot Tower.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The Wythe County Shot Tower is unique for several reasons. Unlike most other shot towers, which were constructed of brick, this shot tower was built of limestone. The 2.5-foot-thick solid stone walls not only made the Shot Tower an extremely strong structure, but kept its interior temperature cool and consistent, improving the quality of the shot it produced. Since the lead needed to free-fall around 150 feet to form proper shaped shot, the designers decided to use the natural terrain to reduce the height of the tower they had to construct. They decided to build the tower on the edge of a cliff, and dig a vertical shaft 75 feet deep, which reduced the height required of the actual tower to 75 feet. Access to the bottom of the shaft was made by a horizontal adit that opened up near the shore of the New River.</p><br>
<p>In a series of writings, letters, and business ledgers collectively known as the Austin Papers, Moses Austin refers to the necessary design elements of Shot Factory. The following quote is from hand written remarks by Moses Austin concerning the English patent for drop shot, dated August 1, 1791,</p><br>
<p>"by experience I have found a much better mode to introduce arsnic and find the white much preferable to the yellow from it purity in strength. And that a material difference of the height is required in the Climate of America in the different seasons of the year".</p><br>
<p>Lake Whitney is a flood control reservoir on the main stem of the Brazos River in Texas. It is located on River Mile Marker 442 and controls drainage for 17,656 square miles of Texas and parts of New Mexico. The reservoir encompasses a surface area of more than 23,500 acres and 225 mi of shoreline. The area consists of rolling, tallgrass prairies; cedar trees; hardwood timber; and 100 ft bluffs and rock points. Lake Whitney is also part of the Texas Lakes Trail Region of North Texas.</p><br>
<p>Whitney Dam is an earthen dam, 166 feet high, owned and operated by the United States Army Corps of Engineers.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>1900s: Texas experienced a number of devastating floods in the early 1900s resulting in death and destruction due to rivers overflowing from heavy rainfalls.</p><br>
<p>1930s: United States government began approving and authorizing the building of dams along Texas rivers with the intention to absorb these floodwaters.</p><br>
<p>1940s: The plan to create the Whitney Reservoir (Lake Whitney) on the Brazos River for flood control and other purposes, such as hydro-electric power development, was approved and authorized by Congress in 1944. The dam construction started in 1947 and lasted four years.</p><br>
<p>1950s: In 1951, the lake was impounded. The dam&#39;s power plant was under construction from 1951 to 1953. After a record-breaking drought in Texas during the 1950s, there was an emphasis on reservoirs serving a secondary purpose, with the primary one being flood control, as water storage facilities for Texas residents, communities, businesses, agriculture, and others.</p><br>
<p>Present: The USA Army Corps of Engineers continues to operate several flood control reservoirs within the Brazos River basin, including Lake Whitney.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>Lake Whitney is a year-round destination for Texas residents due to the abundance of water sports and activities all ages can enjoy and its proximity to Dallas-Fort Worth along the Interstate 35 Corridor. The most popular activities at the lake include fishing, boating, sailing, jet skiing, wakeboarding, water skiing, hunting, and golf. The area was designated as the Getaway Capital of Texas by the Texas Legislature in 2005.</p><br>
<p>In 2011, this designation was reconfirmed by the Regular Session of the 82nd Legislature in House Concurrent Resolution No. 83. This declaration reads as follows:</p><br>
<p>"WHEREAS, Texas is widely known for its excellent recreational activities and vacation destinations, and among the state&#39;s most unspoiled and inviting getaways is the picturesque Lake Whitney area; and</p><br>
<p>"WHEREAS, Located in the Brazos River Basin, Lake Whitney was one of the earliest recreational lakes built near the Dallas/Fort Worth area; completed in April 1951 as part of the Brazos River Conservation and Reclamation Program, it is maintained by the United States Army Corps of Engineers, Fort Worth District, and is situated five miles from the town of Whitney on the edge of Hill and Bosque Counties; other nearby communities that help provide visitors with the comforts of home include Hillsboro, Clifton, Meridian, Aquilla, Morgan, Lakeside Village, Laguna Park, Blum, Valley Mills, and Kopperl; and</p><br>
<p>"WHEREAS, The 955-acre Lake Whitney State Park features campsites, screened shelters, swimming beaches, boat ramps, and an air strip; the region also provides full service marinas and a broad range of overnight accommodations; and</p><br>
<p>"WHEREAS, Lake Whitneys reputation as a premier location to catch bass and catfish is a big draw for the nations fishing enthusiasts, and the lake has received positive coverage from national sporting publications; and</p><br>
<p>"WHEREAS, For those who prefer their recreation on land, the area is home to a number of golf courses and 3,000 acres of winding trails for horseback riding; bird and wildlife watchers can delight in the lake area&#39;s 300 migratory and nonmigratory bird species, and a local wildlife population that features more than 50 different species of mammals, including the white-tailed deer; and</p><br>
<p>"WHEREAS, Historically visited by everyone from Native Americans and European settlers to gunslingers, such as John Wesley Hardin, the Lake Whitney area is today easily accessible from major metropolitan areas of the state, making it the perfect getaway for those who enjoy a relaxed pace and abundant amenities; and</p><br>
<p>"WHEREAS, The 79th Legislature of the State of Texas designated the Lake Whitney area as the Getaway Capital of Texas in 2005 in recognition of its myriad attractions; this outstanding destination remains as enjoyable as ever, and it is indeed fitting that this official title be continued; now, therefore, be it</p><br>
<p>"RESOLVED, That the 82nd Legislature of the State of Texas hereby redesignate the Lake Whitney area as the Getaway Capital of Texas."</p><br>
<p>The Wicomico River is a 13.0 mi tributary of the lower tidal portion of the Potomac River located in the USA state of Maryland south of Washington, DC. The river empties into the Potomac at Cobb Island and St. Margarets Island. Its watershed area  is 77 square miles, with 2% impervious surface in 1994. in Charles, St. Marys, and southern Prince Georges counties. The lower section of the river forms part of the boundary between Charles and St. Marys counties. The Wicomico River was designated a Scenic River under the Maryland Scenic River Act in 1968, and there are Scenic River Commissions for it in both Charles and St. Mary&#39;s counties .</p><br>
<h2>Tributaries</h2><br>
<p>Allens Fresh Run</p><br>
<p>Willmer Creek</p><br>
<p>Cramer Gut</p><br>
<p>Posey Creek</p><br>
<p>Tears Gut</p><br>
<p>Steinhauser Gut</p><br>
<p>Bunker Hill Branch</p><br>
<p>Foggy Bottoms Gut</p><br>
<p>Colby Run</p><br>
<p>Newport Marsh Run</p><br>
<p>Newport Run</p><br>
<p>Hickory Gut</p><br>
<p>St. Clair Gut</p><br>
<p>Murphy Run</p><br>
<p>Hodister Run</p><br>
<p>Lloyd Drain</p><br>
<p>Bowling Gut</p><br>
<p>Budds Creek</p><br>
<p>Chaptico Bay</p><br>
<p>Chaptico Run</p><br>
<p>Burroughs Run</p><br>
<p>Bull Run</p><br>
<p>Maddox Creek</p><br>
<p>Charleston Creek</p><br>
<p>Neale Sound</p><br>
<p>The Hall of Fame for Great Americans is an outdoor sculpture gallery, located on the grounds of Bronx Community College in the Bronx, New York City. Completed in 1900 as part of the University Heights campus of New York University, the 630-foot  stone colonnade half-encircles the university library and houses 98 bronze portrait busts. Designed by architect Stanford White , the Beaux Arts structure was donated by Helen Gould, and was formally dedicated on May 30, 1901.</p><br>
<p>New York University (under severe financial distress) was forced to sell the campus in 1973 to the City University of New York and it became Bronx Community College. Though the Hall&#39;s renown has itself faded, its architecture remains, and it stands as a secular national shrine not just to great men and women, but to Roman ideals of fame favored at the beginning of the 20th century.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Origin and inspiration</h3><br>
<p>The library and hall stand on the heights occupied by the British army in the autumn of 1776 during its successful attack upon Fort Washington. Dr. Henry Mitchell MacCracken, Chancellor of New York University and originator of The Hall of Fame, once said:</p><br>
<p>It was the first hall of fame in the United States. "Fame" here means "renown" (rather than today&#39;s more common meaning of "celebrity"). Chancellor MacCracken, acknowledged inspiration from the Ruhmeshalle (Hall of Fame) in Munich, Germany.</p><br>
<p>Other monuments of a similar purpose had been built earlier. King Ludwig I of Bavaria actually built two: a Walhalla Ruhmes- und Ehrenhalle near Regensburg, Germany, completed in 1842, and a Ruhmeshalle auf der Anhöhe (Bavarian Hall of Fame), in Munich, completed in 1853.</p><br>
<p>Chancellor McCracken described the evolution of the idea for the Hall of Fame:</p><br>
<p>The Hall of Fame... owes its inception in large part to hard facts of physical geography. After the three buildings which were to form the west side of the quadrangle of the New York University College of Arts and Science at University Heights had been planned, it was decided, in order to enlarge the quadrangle, to push them as near as possible to the avenue above the Harlem River. But since the campus level is 170 feet above high tide, and from 40 to 60 feet above the avenue, it was seen at once that the basement stories would stand out towards the avenue bare and unsightly. In order to conceal their walls, a terrace was suggested by the architect, to be bounded at its outer edge by a parapet or colonnade.</p><br>
<p>But while aesthetics compelled the architect to invent the terrace with its parapet of colonnade, the universitys necessity compelled the discovery of an educational use for the architects structure. Like most persons who have visited Germany, the chairman was acquainted with the "Ruhmes Halle," built near Munich by the King of Bavaria. Like all Americans, he admired the use made of Westminster Abbey, and of the Pantheon in Paris. But the American claims liberty to adopt new and broad rules to govern him, even when following on the track of his Old-World ancestors. Hence it was agreed that admission to this Hall of Fame should be controlled by a national body of electors, who might, as nearly as possible, represent the wisdom of the American people.</p><br>
<h3>Design</h3><br>
<p>The memorial structure is an open-air colonnade, 630 feet in length with space for 102 bronze sculptures, designed in the neoclassical style by architect Stanford White. The library is similar to Low Library at Columbia, designed by White&#39;s partner Charles Follen McKim.</p><br>
<p>Carved in stone on pediments of The Hall of Fame are the words "By wealth of thought, or else by mighty deed, They served mankind in noble character. In worldwide good they live forever more."</p><br>
<p>The base to each sculpture holds a bronze tablet bearing the name of the person commemorated, significant dates, achievements and quotations. Each bronze bust must have been made specifically for The Hall of Fame and must not be duplicated within 50 years of its execution.</p><br>
<h3>Recent years</h3><br>
<p>The Hall of Fame for Great Americans is largely forgotten. For two decades before 1997, in fact, it lacked the funds to hold new elections or to commission busts of the people it elected, including Louis Brandeis, Clara Barton, Luther Burbank, and Andrew Carnegie. It took nineteen years to raise the $25,000 needed to commission the bust of Franklin Delano Roosevelt. In the late 1970s the state spent $3 million restoring the colonnades crumbling foundation; more recently, it spent another $200,000 to restore the 98 bronze busts, many of which had deteriorated badly. By that time private gifts, which were always the Hall of Fames primary source of support, had effectively ceased.</p><br>
<p>In 2001, Bronx Community College organized a US$1 million fund-raising effort to rebuild and expand the Hall of Fame.</p><br>
<h2>Nominations</h2><br>
<p>To be eligible for nomination, a person must have been a native born or naturalized (since 1914) citizen of the United States, must have been dead for 25 years (since 1922; from 1900 through 1920, a nominee had to be dead only 10 years) and must have made a major contribution to the economic, political, or cultural life of the nation. Nominees were elected by a simple majority vote, except from 1925 through 1940, when a 3/5 majority was required. In 1976 a point system replaced the majority vote. Two nominees, Constance Woolson (nominated in 1900) and Orville Wright (elected in 1965), were considered, although being dead only 6 and 17 years respectively.</p><br>
<p>The Hall of Fame soon became a focal point for US national pride:</p><br>
<h3>Classification of honorees</h3><br>
<p>The first 50 names were required to include representatives of a majority of 15 classes:</p><br>
<p>authors and editors</p><br>
<p>business men</p><br>
<p>inventors</p><br>
<p>missionaries and explorers</p><br>
<p>philanthropists and reformers</p><br>
<p>clergymen and theologians</p><br>
<p>scientists</p><br>
<p>engineers and architects</p><br>
<p>lawyers and judges</p><br>
<p>musicians, painters, and sculptors</p><br>
<p>physicians and surgeons</p><br>
<p>politicians and statesmen</p><br>
<p>soldiers and sailors</p><br>
<p>teachers</p><br>
<p>distinguished men and women outside of these classes</p><br>
<h3>Honorees</h3><br>
<p>The busts for honorees inducted in 1976 (and Louis Brandeis) have not yet been executed.</p><br>
<h3>Nominees not elected</h3><br>
<p>In addition to Constance Woolson and Jefferson Davis the following people were among those nominated at least once but not elected:</p><br>
<p>Samuel Adams, Louisa May Alcott, Johnny Appleseed, Chester A. Arthur, Sarah Franklin Bache, Henry Barnard, William Beaumont, John Shaw Billings, George Caleb Bingham, Elizabeth Blackwell, Elena Petrovna Blavatsky, Borden Parker Bowne, William Brewster, William Austin Burt, Horace Bushnell, John C. Calhoun, Alice Cary, Frederick Edwin Church, George Rogers Clark, George M. Cohan, Calvin Coolidge, John Singleton Copley, Dorothea Dix, Paul Dunbar, Amelia Earhart, Wyatt Earp, John Eliot, Henry Ford, James A. Garfield, William Lloyd Garrison, Lou Gehrig, Henry George, Horace Greeley, Sarah Josepha Buell Hale, Warren G. Harding, Benjamin Harrison, William Henry Harrison, Charles Evans Hughes, Richard M. Hoe, John Ireland, Helen Hunt Jackson, William James, John Jay, Andrew Johnson, Al Jolson, Chief Joseph, Adoniram Judson, Joyce Kilmer, Fiorello La Guardia, Karl Landsteiner, Gilbert N. Lewis, Crawford Long, Huey Long, Cyrus McCormick, Robert McCormick, Ephraim McDowell, Charles Follen McKim, William McKinley, Ottmar Mergenthaler, S. Weir Mitchell, Lucretia Mott, Benjamin Peirce, Wendell Phillips, Hiram Powers, Will Rogers, Babe Ruth, Sacagawea, Jacob Schiff, Elizabeth Seton, Lydia Huntley Sigourney, Matthew Simpson, John Stevens, Robert L. Stevens, Nikola Tesla, Benjamin Thompson, Judah Touro, Paul M. Warburg, Martha Washington, Mary Ball Washington, Francis Wayland, Noah Webster, William Henry Welch, Henry Wheaton, and Theodore Dwight Woolsey.</p><br>
<h3>Removals</h3><br>
<p>Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson were ordered removed from the Hall of Fame for Great Americans in August 2017 by New York Governor Andrew Cuomo.</p><br>
<p>Maupiti is a small coral atoll with a volcanic island in its midst. It has a population of 1,200 people living on 11 km&sup2</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Maupiti is located in the western Leeward Islands in French Polynesia. It is the westernmost volcanic high island in the archipelago, 40 km west of Bora Bora. The central island of Maupiti has a high peak of 380 m and a surface area of 11 km&sup2;. The lagoon has large and flat coral islands in its northern reef half and two motus on both sides of the pass at its southern end.</p><br>
<h3>Population</h3><br>
<h3>Economy</h3><br>
<p>The primary economic activity on Maupiti is noni production.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>There are ancient Polynesian archaeological artifacts dating from at least AD 850 in Maupiti. The first European to arrive on the island was the Dutchman Jakob Roggeveen in 1722. Historically, the island has had strong cultural links with Bora Bora.</p><br>
<h2>Administration</h2><br>
<p>Maupiti is administratively part of the commune (municipality) of Maupiti, itself in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands. The main settlement is Vaiea.</p><br>
<p>Mount Pisgah is a mountain in the Appalachian Mountain Range and part of the Blue Ridge Mountains of North Carolina, United States. The mountain&#39;s height is 5,721 feet  above sea level, and it sits approximately 15 miles  southwest of Asheville, near the crossing of the boundaries of Buncombe, Haywood, Henderson and Transylvania counties. It is located on the border of Buncombe and Haywood counties, close to the point where Henderson and Transylvania meet them, but not actually within the latter two counties. The mountain is easily accessible via a hiking trail from the Blue Ridge Parkway, near the Pisgah Inn.</p><br>
<h2>Broadcasting controversy</h2><br>
<p>The prominent tower in the picture at the crest of Mount Pisgah, on what is known as Pisgah Ledge, is a 339 ft television broadcast tower owned by Chesapeake Television, Incorporated, doing business as the Sinclair Broadcast Group, licensee of WLOS TV 13.x, transmitting on VHF channel 13, from nearby Asheville, North Carolina. It is the highest television antenna east of the Mississippi River, at 2,814 ft above the surrounding valley floor, and 6,023 ft above mean sea level, according to the Federal Communications Commission. Co-located on the tower is WUNF-TV 33.x on UHF channel 25, WKSF FM 99.9, and WXL56 on 162.400MHz from the Greenville/Spartanburg office of the National Weather Service. From this location, the stations cover the western Carolinas media market. Due to the terrain shielding of the surrounding mountains, and the much lower and flatter Piedmont (and therefore much greater height above average terrain) toward the southeast, the stations actually cover much more of South Carolina than they do North Carolina.</p><br>
<p>On May 22, 2001, the United States Forest Service decided to allow WLOS TV to build a replacement television transmission tower on top of Mount Pisgah. The new tower would have been a lighter-weight tower to support the station&#39;s digital TV antenna that would have replaced the heavier channel 13 analog antenna, fulfilling the government-ordered transfer to digital transmission. The old tower would not have supported both the heavy analog antenna, plus the added weight of a full power digital antenna. The Blue Ridge Parkway and several conservation organizations had opposed building a new tower on the peak located adjacent to the Parkway and repeatedly requested the Forest Service explore alternative locations. In 2009, the controversy was resolved, with the FCC and the USA Department of the Interior allowing WLOS to maintain its old tower on the summit after the analog antenna was removed, and the station to make needed adjustments to its digital antennas now mounted on the tower.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>The trail leading to the summit of Mt. Pisgah starts at milepost 407 of the Blue Ridge Parkway on the west side of the road at an overlook labeled "Mt. Pisgah Parking" The trail is 1.6 miles long and is of moderate difficulty (sections near the summit can be rather steep). There is a small observation deck near the TV tower at the summit. The view is spectacular.</p><br>
<p>At the base of the TV tower, follow the huge, thick cables down to the transmitter building. Leading up the mountain from the valley floor, is a still-operating cable car that is used to ferry broadcasting equipment to the building. The cable car also ferries engineers during bad weather, for mandatory transmitter work.</p><br>
<p>Also at the Mt. Pisgah Parking area is the Buck Spring trailhead. A short walk down the Buck Spring Trail brings visitors to a historic exhibit located at the foundation stone remains of the George Vanderbilt Hunting lodge.</p><br>
<p>On the east side of the Parkway at milepost 407 is the Mt. Pisgah Picnic Area. The picnic area includes grills, tables and restroom facilities. All are ADA/handicapped accessible.</p><br>
<p>The Pisgah Inn Lodge Restaurant and Country Store, as well as the Mt. Pisgah Campground is located at milepost 408 of the Blue Ridge Parkway. Several other trails can be accessed from the campground or the Inn.</p><br>
<p>Loutraki-Perachora  is a former municipality in Corinthia, Peloponnese, Greece. Since the 2011 local governmental reform it is part of the municipality Loutraki-Perachora-Agioi Theodoroi, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 196.870 km.</p><br>
<p>The region of Loutraki-Perachora is a very important tourist destination for summer and weekend visitors from the Athens metropolitan area, due to its proximity (about 80 km) and the clean and sandy beaches surrounding the town of Loutraki and other seaside settlements.</p><br>
<p>The area is also famous for the Heraion of Perachora (sanctuary of the goddess Hera), an archaeological site of significance located at the end of the Perachora peninsula.</p><br>
<h2>Loutraki</h2><br>
<p>Loutraki, the most important settlement and the seat of the municipality, is a seaside town with a population of 11,564 inhabitants (2011 census), famous for its natural beauty, spas and mineral water springs. Recently one of the biggest casinos in Europe has been built in Loutraki. A modern convention center has opened gates and a marina is also planned.</p><br>
<p>Loutraki sometimes is perceived as the last boundary of the Athens metropolitan area. Many Athenians live in the community permanently or seasonally.</p><br>
<p>The municipality lies on both sides of the Corinth Canal, but primarily to its northeast; a small part lies on the southwest side of the canal, on the Peloponnese Peninsula. The Corinth Canal is a partial border between the Corinthian Community and the Loutraki-Perachora Community. The Canal area, however, is the responsibility of the latter. A privately owned company operates ship traffic on the canal.</p><br>
<p>Loutraki&#39;s springs of mineral water are very well known for their exceptional qualities. A significant bottling industry has been developed due to this fact.</p><br>
<h2>Perachora</h2><br>
<p>Perachora is a smaller village (1,141 inhabitants) NW of Loutraki at a landlocked position surrounded by mountainous landscape. Large pine forests are found there. These are the main source of the local production of natural resin. Other large towns include Kyras Vrysi (1,128 inhabitants) and Isthmia (1,134 inhabitants), the latter of which lies at the southeast entrance to the Corinth Canal. Together they form the Loutraki-Perachora Municipality. Smaller settlements like Pisia (80 inhabitants) and Schinos (61 inhabitants) are also attached to the Municipality.</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<p>Huaynaputina  is a stratovolcano in a volcanic upland in southern Peru. The volcano does not have an identifiable mountain profile but instead is a large volcanic crater. It has produced high-potassium andesite and dacite. On 19 February 1600, it exploded catastrophically , in the largest volcanic explosion in South America in historic times. The eruption continued with a series of events into March. An account of the event was included in Fray Antonio Vázquez de Espinosa&#39;s Compendio y Descripción de las Indias, which was translated into English as Compendium and description of the West Indies in 1942.</p><br>
<h2>Geography and structure</h2><br>
<p>Huaynaputina lies in Southern Peru&#39;s Moquegua Region, 80 km southeast of Arequipa. It is north of at least one more caldera complex with a resurgent dome.</p><br>
<p>Despite the volcano&#39;s listed elevation of 4,800 m, Huaynaputina has very little prominence, less than 1,000 m. and includes three 100 m deep cones which formed from ash fallout of the 1600 eruption. Another external vent formed a maar just outside the caldera.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Before the Spanish colonization of the Americas, not much is known of the region&#39;s history. It is likely natives made human sacrifices ritualistically to the volcano, also sacrificing animals and articles of clothing. Though the Spanish introduced Catholicism and ended the practice of sacrifice, Navarro (1994)Navarro, R., 1994, Antologia del valle de Omate:</p><br>
<p>Arequipa, Universidad National San Agustin,</p><br>
<p>76 p. maintains that the indigenous people probably related the volcano&#39;s eruption to a lack of sacrifice which had angered Supay, god of death. Father Alonso Ruiz of Arequipa predicted a "hit from heaven" in 1599, at which time activity may have begun at the volcano.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<h3>Tectonic setting</h3><br>
<p>Subduction of the eastern edge of the Nazca Plate under the western edge of the South American Plate occurs about 160 km west of Peru and Chile, at a rate of 9 to 11 cm per year at 30 degrees south latitude. This subduction process has resulted in the formation of the Peru–Chile Trench, an oceanic trench in the Pacific Ocean. It also produced the Andean Volcanic Belt and the rest of the Andes. Ticsani, Ubinas and Huaynaputina sit on a volcanic lineament slightly oblique to the main volcanic front, and Ticsani and Huaynaputina are the product of discrete silicic eruptions.</p><br>
<h3>Local geology</h3><br>
<p>Because the crust of the Central Volcanic Zone is unusually thick, the volcanoes that occur differ from the rest of the Andean edifices. The current crater is underlain by sedimentary and igneous rock from the Barroso formation on its western edge, which sits atop a layer of gneiss and granite from the Precambrian basement that is cut by intrusive dikes and faults. The eastern edge of Huaynaputina&#39;s caldera has been excavated by the Tambo River and tapers off into a gorge, while its northern and eastern edges lie atop sediment from the Yura formation and intrusive rock including granodiorite and tonalite approximately 22.8 mya (million years ago), respectively.</p><br>
<p>The history of the Huaynaputina region is marked by silicic volcanism, where lava is rich in silica. Records of silicic eruptions begin with remnants from the Barroso formation, from the Miocene. Examination of the area&#39;s basement reveals rich evidence of intrusive and volcanic activity, most recently at the slightly older volcano Ticsani which bears a striking similarity to Huaynaputina in composition and age.</p><br>
<h2>1600 eruption</h2><br>
<p>A few days before the eruption, someone reported booming noise from the volcano and fog-like gas being emitted from its crater. Navarro tells of "local wizards" scrambling to appease the volcano, preparing girls, pets, and flowers for sacrifice, and of the volcano ejecting ash during the sacrifice ceremony.</p><br>
<p>At 5 P.M. on February 19, Huaynaputina erupted violently, sending volcanic ash into the atmosphere. Observers described the event as "a big explosion with cannonball-like explosions" that had the appearance of an enormous fire. River-like pyroclastic flows flowed down the mountain; the flows on the southern side mixed with water from the Rio Tambo to create lahars. One hour after the eruption, ash began to fall from the sky, and within 24 hours, Arequipa was covered with 25 cm of ash.</p><br>
<p>Intermittent eruptions occurred for a little less than a month, concluding on March 5.</p><br>
<p>When Huaynaputina exploded, it produced about 30 km3 of tephra and pyroclastic flows traveled 13 km to the east and southeast, and lahars – volcanic mudflows – destroyed several villages and reached the coast of the Pacific Ocean, a distance of 120 km. The eruption began with a Plinian plume that extended into the stratosphere, and the ashfall and accompanying earthquakes caused substantial damage to the major cities of Arequipa (70 km to the west) and Moquegua.</p><br>
<p>Ashfall was reported 250 - away, throughout southern Peru and in what is now northern Chile and western Bolivia. The ash layer now forms a useful stratigraphic marker layer throughout Peru.</p><br>
<p>In total, the volcano killed more than 1500 people, and ash buried ten villages. The atmospheric spike of acid as a result of the eruption was higher than that of Krakatau. Regional agricultural economies took 150 years to recover fully.</p><br>
<h3>Global effects</h3><br>
<h4>Russia</h4><br>
<p>The explosion had effects on climate around the Northern Hemisphere (Southern Hemispheric records are less complete), where 1601 was the coldest year in six centuries, leading to a famine in Russia.</p><br>
<h4>Europe</h4><br>
<p>In Estonia, Switzerland and Latvia, there were bitterly cold winters in 1600–1602; in 1601 in France, the wine harvest came late; additionally, production of wine collapsed in Germany and colonial Peru.</p><br>
<h4>Asia</h4><br>
<p>In Japan, Lake Suwa had one of its earliest freezings in 500 years. In China, peach trees bloomed late.</p><br>
<p>Perachora  is an inland settlement in Loutraki-Perachora-Agioi Theodoroi, Corinthia, in the region of Peloponnese in Greece.</p><br>
<p>It is located about 7 km northwest of the town of Loutraki in the foothills of the Geraneia mountains. Perachora&#39;s name is a transformation of the phrase "Peraia Chora" meaning in Greek "the land on the other side" of the Isthmus of Corinth and the ancient city of Corinth. Perachora has a population of about 1,200 and it is built 300 metres above sea level.</p><br>
<p>The remains of the Heraion of Perachora, an ancient temple of Hera Limenia, are situated at the cape 8 km west of Perachora. The Limni Vouliagmeni lagoon is 6 km west of the village. In the lagoon area the epic movie The 300 Spartans was filmed in 1962. The area around the village has typically agricultural Mediterranean scenery with green-silver olive trees being the single most important crop. Extended pine forests exist in some of the surrounding mountains, sometimes reaching the coast. Notable local products include virgin olive oil and natural pine resin.</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<p>Ashland is the name of the plantation of the 19th-century Kentucky statesman Henry Clay, located in Lexington, Kentucky, in the central Bluegrass region of the state. It is a registered National Historic Landmark to remind America of the great slave era that we kindly forget to mention when we speak of such plantations. The Ashland Stakes, a Thoroughbred horse race at Keeneland Race Course that has run annually since the race course first opened in 1936, was named for the historically important estate.</p><br>
<h2>History of the estate</h2><br>
<p>Henry Clay came to Lexington, Kentucky from Virginia in 1797. He began buying land for his plantation in 1804. The Ashland farm—which during Clay&#39;s lifetime was outside of the city limits—at its largest consisted of over 600 acre. It is unclear whether Clay named the plantation or retained a prior name, but he was referring to his estate as "Ashland" by 1809. The name derives from the ash forest that stood at the site. Clay and his family resided at Ashland from c. 1806 until his death in 1852 (his widow Lucretia Clay moved out in 1854). Given his political career, Clay spent most of the years between 1810 and 1829 in Washington, DC. He was a major planter, owning up to 60 slaves to operate his plantation.</p><br>
<p>Among the slaves were Aaron and Charlotte Dupuy, and their children Charles and Mary Ann. Clay took them with him to Washington, DC. Their lives have recently gained new recognition in an exhibit at the Decatur House, where they served Henry Clay for nearly two decades. In 1829, 28 years before the more famous Dred Scott challenge, Charlotte Dupuy sued Henry Clay for her freedom and that of her two children in Washington circuit court. She was ordered to stay in Washington while the court case proceeded, and lived there for 18 months, working for Martin Van Buren, the next Secretary of State. Clay took Aaron, Charles and Mary Ann Dupuy with him when he returned to Ashland. When the court ruled against Dupuy and she would not return voluntarily to Kentucky, Clay&#39;s agent had her arrested. Clay had Dupuy transported to New Orleans and placed with his daughter and son-in-law, where she was enslaved for another decade. Finally in 1840 Clay freed Charlotte and Mary Ann Dupuy, and in 1844 freed her son Charles Dupuy.</p><br>
<p>Clay had divided the Ashland estate among three sons. After Clay&#39;s death, son James Brown Clay owned and occupied Ashland proper and a surrounding approximately 325 acre tract. James Clay rebuilt the house and his family resided there until his death in 1864. His widow Susan Jacob Clay put the estate up for sale in 1866.</p><br>
<p>Kentucky University purchased Ashland and used it as part of its campus. University founder and regent John Bryan Bowman occupied the mansion. The Agricultural and Mechanical College (Kentucky A & M) was situated on Clay&#39;s former farm. Kentucky University split into what became Transylvania University and the University of Kentucky, and sold Ashland in 1882.</p><br>
<p>Henry Clay&#39;s granddaughter Anne Clay McDowell and her husband Henry Clay McDowell purchased the estate (consisting of approximately 325 acre and outbuildings). They moved in with their children in 1883. Their eldest daughter Nannette McDowell Bullock continued to occupy Ashland until her death in 1948. She founded the Henry Clay Memorial Foundation, which purchased and preserved Ashland. The historic house museum opened to the public in 1950.</p><br>
<p>The city of Ashland, Missouri in Boone County, a heavily Whig area, was named in honor of the estate. The borough of Ashland, Pennsylvania in Schuylkill County, an anthracite coal mining town, was named in honor of the estate as well.</p><br>
<h2>The mansion</h2><br>
<p>Henry Clay began building his Federal style house c. 1806 (see Federal architecture). He added two wings between 1811 and 1814, designed for him by Benjamin Latrobe. Inferior building materials, particularly a porous type of brick, resulted in an unstable structure. The building was likely damaged in the New Madrid earthquake and aftershocks of 1811–12, Clay&#39;s many repairs could never completely stabilize the house.</p><br>
<p>Seeing no viable alternative, Clay&#39;s son James B. Clay, opted to rebuild the house with the goals of living there with his family and paying fitting tribute to his father. James had the house razed by the end of 1854, and rebuilding was completed by 1857. Local architect Thomas Lewinski designed the new structure, which utilized features of the original house: the footprint and foundation, floorplan, and massing. But Lewinski aided James in updating the house stylistically. With many Italianate features, the resulting mansion is a mix of Federal architecture and Italianate details. Inside, James employed Greek Revival features and decorated the home lavishly (see:Victorian decorative arts) with imported furnishings purchased in New York City.</p><br>
<p>During the Kentucky University period, Regent John Bowman utilized part of the mansion to house and display the University Natural History Museum.</p><br>
<p>When granddaughter Anne Clay McDowell came to Ashland in 1883, she and her husband remodeled and modernized the house, updating it with gas lighting (later, electricity), indoor plumbing, and telephone service.</p><br>
<h2>The farm</h2><br>
<p>The cash crop grown on the farm was hemp. Merino sheep and six other species of European livestock were imported and bred on the farm. Clay&#39;s record book of his breeding operation, including the Herefords which he introduced, is now displayed at Ashland.</p><br>
<p>Carson Pass is a mountain pass on the crest of the central Sierra Nevada, in the Eldorado National Forest and Alpine County, eastern California.</p><br>
<p>The pass is traversed by California State Route 88. It lies on the Great Basin Divide, with the West Fork Carson River on the east and the South Fork American River on the west.</p><br>
<p>The historic pass was a point on the Carson Trail during the California Gold Rush and was used for American Civil War shipping to California until the completion of the First Transcontinental Railroad. The Pacific Crest Trail traverses the Carson Pass summit, which has California Historical Landmark #315 at CA 88 postmile 6.09 where Kit Carson carved his name into a tree.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The 1844 Frémont Expedition turned south from northern Nevada. When encamped at Nevadas Carson Valley on January 31, 1844; guide Kit Carson suggested the expedition detour west during the winter conditions to Sutters Fort in California for supplies. Local Washoe Indians told them of a route through the mountains, but warned them not to proceed through the snow. Frémont duly ignored the advice and directed the group westward. The Washoe were right in that they would not be able to find food or game, and they ended up resorting to eating dog, horse, and mule just to survive. On February 14, Frémont and his cartographer Charles Preuss made it up Red Lake Peak and became the first recorded white men to see Lake Tahoe in the distance. On February 21, the expedition made it through the now-named Carson pass west of Red Lake and arrived at Sutter&#39;s Fort on March 6 with no fatalities.</p><br>
<p>In the summer of 1848, Mormons leaving California for Utah built what would become known as the Carson Trail across the Sierra from Sly Park, California to the Carson Valley via Carson Pass. The Carson Trail became one of the primary routes across the Sierra used by overland immigrants to California in the Gold Rush era. Brigham Young evacuated Mormon settlers around Carson Pass in July 1857, shortly after the breakout of the Utah War.</p><br>
<h2>Maiden's Grave</h2><br>
<p>In 1850, Rachel Melton was buried west of Carsons Pass. Her family was traveling from Iowa when Rachel, a young girl, became ill. The family camped out with a goal to improve on Meltons health, but she died. The site is a California Historical Landmark.</p><br>
<p>Holker Hall  is a privately-owned country house located about 2km to the southwest of the village of Cartmel, Cumbria, England, a location previously in the historic county of Lancashire. It is "the grandest of its date in Lancashire...by the best architects then living in the county." The building dates from the 16th century, with alterations, additions, and rebuilding in the 18th and 19th centuries. The 19th century rebuilding was by George Webster in Jacobean Revival style and subsequent renovations were by E. G. Paley. Hubert Austin had a joint practice with Paley by the 1870s and they both rebuilt the west wing after it was destroyed by a major fire in 1871, only a decade after Paleys previous work on the structure. The fire also destroyed a number of notable artworks. Holker Hall is Paley and Austins "most important country house commission." The architectural historian Nikolaus Pevsner expressed the opinion that the west wing is the "outstanding domestic work" of Paley and Austin. In 1970 the hall itself, together with its terrace wall, were designated Grade II* Listed buildings. The house stands in an estate of about 80 hectares, and is surrounded by formal gardens, parkland and woodland. Within the grounds are six structures listed at Grade II.</p><br>
<p>Since becoming a private house following the Dissolution of the Monasteries, the estate has never been sold, having passed by inheritance from the Preston family to the Lowther family, and then to the Cavendish family. The house and grounds are open to the public at advertised times on payment of an admission fee.</p><br>
<p>In chronostratigraphy, the British sub-stage of the Carboniferous period, the Holkerian derives its name from Holker Hall.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Medieval period: Cartmel Priory</h3><br>
<p>The land on which the house stands was originally owned by Cartmel Priory.</p><br>
<h3>16th to 18th centuries</h3><br>
<p>Following the Dissolution of the Monasteries in the 16th century it was bought by the Preston family, who were local landowners. The first house was built in the early 16th century by George Preston. In 1644 the estate was confiscated from his successor, Thomas Preston, by Parliament, but was later restored to him. On the death of Thomas Preston, the estate passed to the Lowther family by the marriage of Thomas&#39; heiress, Catherine, to Sir William Lowther, 1st Baronet, of Marske. In 1756 it passed again by marriage to Lord George Augustus Cavendish, and has remained in the ownership of the Cavendish family since.</p><br>
<p>The Jacobean house was altered in 1783–84 by John Carr of York. The parkland around the house was laid out in the late 18th century.</p><br>
<h3>19th century</h3><br>
<p>Additions to the grounds were made during the 19th century and included an arboretum, a conservatory, terraces, and a walled garden. The conservatory was a large structure designed by Joseph Paxton, but has since been demolished.</p><br>
<p>The house was largely rebuilt in 1838–41 for the 7th Duke of Devonshire by George Webster of Kendal in Jacobean Revival style. In 1859–61 the Lancaster architect E. G. Paley carried out some minor alterations.</p><br>
<h4>1871 Fire and rebuilding</h4><br>
<p>In 1871 the front (west) wing of the house was almost completely destroyed by fire. An estimated 103 works of art were lost and the more notable items were:</p><br>
<p>Canaletto: Saint Mark’s Place during the Carnival</p><br>
<p>Collier: A piece of wild life</p><br>
<p>Holbein: a landscape</p><br>
<p>Sir Godfrey Kneller: King William III; The first Duke of Devonshire in armour; The first Duchess of Devonshire, Mary, daughter of the Duke of Ormond</p><br>
<p>Claude Lorrain: Two landscapes, both described as Landscape with three columns of the Temple of Jupiter Stator, story of Mercury and Battus</p><br>
<p>Reade, after Sir Godfrey Kneller: Lady Lonsdale (Mary Lowther)</p><br>
<p>Salvator Rosa: Two battle pieces</p><br>
<p>Rosalvo: The Temple of Concord in ruins with figures</p><br>
<p>Rubens: A landscape with people and cattle; Saint John</p><br>
<p>David Teniers the Younger (or his father, son or grandson): Two Dutch sea pieces</p><br>
<p>Peter Tillemans: St. Mary’s Abbey, Furness</p><br>
<p>Jacob Isaacksz van Ruisdael (or Salomon van Ruysdael): Landscape with a cottage; Landscape with a cottage and windmill at a distance; Landscape</p><br>
<p>Claude-Joseph Vernet (or his father or son): A sea piece in a fog</p><br>
<p>The Duke commissioned Paley again, together with Hubert Austin, (the firm was then known as Paley and Austin) to rebuild the wing. This they did on the same footprint, but on a grander scale, adding two towers, the whole being in Elizabethan Revival style.</p><br>
<h2>Present use</h2><br>
<p>The hall continues to be the home of Lord Cavendish and his wife. The older wing is used by the family and is not open to the public.</p><br>
<p>Paley and Austin&#39;s west wing and the gardens are open to the general public during the summer months, an admission charge being payable. The former stable buildings have been converted into a café and gift shop. A series of events are organised in the hall and grounds, including an annual garden festival. Other events are organized from time to time in the house and grounds,</p><br>
<h2>Art and architecture</h2><br>
<h3>House and furnishings</h3><br>
<p>Websters remaining wing is in roughcast stone with ashlar dressings and a slate roof. Paley and Austins west wing is in variegated red sandstone. Its entrance front faces the east has a porch placed asymmetrically, which is flanked by turrets with domes and pinnacles. Behind the porch is a tower with a copper-covered ogee-shaped cupola, and to the right of this is another tower, which is broad and square with a lead-covered pyramidal roof.</p><br>
<p>At each end of the long central corridor in the old wing are spiral staircases, which are contained in semicircular projections. On one side of the corridor are rooms including a drawing room and a small dining room. On the other side are service rooms, and behind these is a courtyard. The contents of the wing include panelling removed from Canon Winder Hall, Flookburgh, a chimneypiece from Conishead Priory, and a pair of Baroque barley-sugar columns.</p><br>
<p>In the Paley and Austin wing, the entrance porch leads into a long hall, which opens into the library, the billiards room, the drawing room and the dining room; all of these rooms have elaborately decorated plaster ceilings. In the library are about 3,500 books, some of which survived the 1871 fire, and some of the former possessions of the scientist Henry Cavendish (1731–1810), including his microscope. On the walls of the billiards room are four painted panels that are attributed to Jean-Baptiste Oudry, a caricature by Joshua Reynolds, and paintings by Jan Wyck and Matthias Reed. The walls of the drawing room are lined in silk, and the room contains a Carrara marble fireplace. Paintings in the room are by Claude Joseph Vernet (its companion-piece was destroyed in the fire), Salvatore Rosa, and Douglas Anderson. The furniture in the dining room includes chairs by Thomas Chippendale. On the walls are portraits of family members, and a self-portrait by Anthony van Dyck. At the far end of the entrance hall is a cantilevered oak staircase which is approached through limestone arches. It contains over 100 balusters, each of which is carved with a different design. Its windows contain heraldic stained glass. The upper floor contains a gallery and four bedrooms. In the gallery are items of furniture, and these include a table with a purse once belonging to Georgiana Cavendish. Queen Marys Bedroom gained its name when it was used by Queen Mary when she stayed in the house in 1937. The Wedgwood Bedroom contains a Carrera marble fireplace incorporating blue and white Wedgwood Jasperware. The four-poster bed is by Hepplewhite. The Gloucester Bedroom and Dreesing Room gained their names when they were used by the Duke of Gloucester and his wife when they visited in 1939. The walls are decorated with engravings of Brighton Pavilion by John Nash. The Dukes Bedroom was used by the 7th Duke during the later years of his life.</p><br>
<h3>Grounds</h3><br>
<p>The formal gardens comprise 10 hectares, and the surrounding parkland, deer park and woodland, comprise 80 hectares. The formal gardens are on the south and west sides of the house, and to the north and west are pleasure gardens with a winding path leading to and through the arboretum. The formal garden to the south of the west wing is known as the Elliptical Garden, and to the left of this is the Summer Garden. To the northwest of the hall is the Rose Garden containing a pair of summer houses. The pleasure gardens include a cedar planted by Lord George Cavendish in the late 18th century, and an Auracaria planted in 1844. There are also two areas of kitchen gardens, one to the northwest of the hall, and the other to the north of the B5278 road. In 1901 Thomas Hayton Mawson worked on the gardens.</p><br>
<p>In 1910 Thomas Mawson redesigned the formal garden. His design included a terrace wall to the southeast of the hall. Since then there have been further developments. In 2003–04 a cascade, labyrinth and car park were added by Kim Wilkie, and a sundial by Mark Lennox-Boyd.</p><br>
<p>In the grounds are a number of structures that are listed at Grade II.</p><br>
<h4>Ice house</h4><br>
<p>To the west of the hall is a two-tier circular ice house, which has been present since at least 1732.</p><br>
<h4>North lodge and gate</h4><br>
<p>The north lodge with its gate piers, standing on the B5278 road, dates probably from the early 19th century and was possibly designed by George Webster. It is a single-story building in roughcast stone with ashlar dressings and slate roof. The gate piers are circular and rusticated with domed caps.</p><br>
<h4>Stable buildings</h4><br>
<p>To the southeast of the hall are stable buildings in a U-shaped plan, constructed in stone with slate roofs. They are dated 1864, and incorporate a timber bell turret with a pyramidal roof, a clock, and a weathervane.</p><br>
<h4>South lodge</h4><br>
<p>The south lodge, also on the B5278 road, is dated 1875 and was designed by Paley and Austin. It is a two-storey building with an L-plan, constructed in limestone with a slate roof.</p><br>
<h4>Entrance gates</h4><br>
<p>The entrance gates and associated railings to the hall itself, also on the B5278 road, date from about 1875, and were also designed by Paley and Austin.</p><br>
<h4>Rysbrack statue of Inigo Jones, moved from Chiswick House</h4><br>
<p>In the grounds to the north of the hall is a lead statue of Inigo Jones by John Michael Rysbrack, dating from about the 1740s; this was moved from Chiswick House in the 19th century.</p><br>
<h4>Limestone underpass</h4><br>
<p>Also in the grounds is a limestone underpass beneath the B5278 road that gave access from the formal gardens to the kitchen gardens.</p><br>
<p>Isla Clarión, formerly called Santa Rosa, is the second largest, westernmost and most remote of the Revillagigedo Islands , located 314 km west of Socorro Island and over 700 km from the Mexican mainland.</p><br>
<p>It has an area of 19.80 km&sup2; and three prominent peaks. The westernmost and tallest peak, Monte Gallegos, is 335 m high. The central peak is called Monte de la Marina, 280 m, and the eastern peak Pico de la Tienda 292 m. The coasts are backed by perpendicular cliffs, 24 to 183 m high, with the exception of the middle part of the southern coast in the vicinity of Bahia Azufre (Sulphur Bay), which is the location of a small military garrison manned by 9 men.</p><br>
<p>Two small and at least temporarily brackish pools are the only source of freshwater; even these may dry up in summers with little rain.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Clarión Island was discovered in late 1542 by the Spanish navigator Ruy López de Villalobos, but with the exception of a possible re-sighting of the Revillagigedos by Juan Fernández de Ladrillero before 1574 and a short-lived residence by the adventurer Martín Yáñez de Armida on the island he later renamed Socorro (1606), the archipelago was neglected by the Spaniards. Joris van Spilbergen&#39;s sighting of the whole group in December 1615 seems not to have been noted in Spain or its American colonies.</p><br>
<p>Clarion was sighted again by the English privateer George Shelvocke on the Speedwell, August 21, 1721.</p><br>
<p>The name of the island goes back to the American brig Clarion, Capt. Henry Gyzelaar, who was engaged in the North Pacific trade around 1820.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<p>As the topography of Clarión lacks any prominent peaks that could induce rains like Cerro Evermann on Socorro Island, the island is semiarid to arid all over. Consequently, the whole of the island is covered in shrubland, grassland and Opuntia cacti. Far away from land, endemic taxa are fewer than on Socorro but like there mainly consist of landbirds and plants. Rabbits and feral sheep are found on the island and have caused serious harm to the local vegetation; pigs introduced in 1979 have caused harm to the local fauna. Native vertebrates – except birds – are limited to two snake species and one iguanid lizard species, both endemic.</p><br>
<p>A few seabird species breed on Clarión or formerly did so. The island is near the north(east)ern limit of the breeding range of several of these, but their continued presence needs confirmation:</p><br>
<p>Nazca booby, Sula granti</p><br>
<p>East Pacific red-footed booby, Sula sula websteri – a doubtfully distinct subspecies</p><br>
<p>East Pacific great frigatebird, Fregata minor ridgwayi – breeding suspected but not verified; a doubtfully distinct subspecies</p><br>
<p>For reasons not fully known, Clarión seems to be more attractive to shorebirds and other vagrant or migrant birds than Socorro; perhaps this is due to the presence of red-tailed hawks on the latter island. Great blue heron, snowy egret, white-faced ibis, Pacific and possibly American golden plover, spotted sandpiper, wandering tattler, ruddy turnstone, black-necked stilt, western gull and barn swallow are examples of the species that can be encountered on Clarión with some regularity; most of the shorebirds congregate in the sheltered shallows of Sulphur Bay. Others, such as blue-winged teal, western sandpiper, least sandpiper, short-eared owl, belted kingfisher, northern mockingbird and brown-headed cowbird have only been recorded on very few occasions, sometimes only once.</p><br>
<h3>Endemic animals</h3><br>
<p>Clarión burrowing owl, Athene cunicularia rostrata</p><br>
<p>Clarión wren, Troglodytes tanneri (vulnerable)</p><br>
<p>Clarión mourning dove, Zenaida macroura clarionensis</p><br>
<p>Clarion Island whipsnake, Masticophis anthonyi</p><br>
<p>Urosaurus clarionensis</p><br>
<p>Clarión nightsnake, Hypsiglena unaocularis</p><br>
<p>In addition, the local population of the western raven (Corvus corax sinuatus or C. sinuatus) was formerly considered a distinct subspecies clarionensis, but this is not usually accepted at present. It can be expected that this question will soon be resolved as there is currently renewed interest in the phylogeny of the common/western/Chihuahuan ravens. If the Revillagigedos population is indeed distinct, it might be endemic of Clarión as the only other local subpopulation, on San Benedicto, was destroyed by a volcanic eruption on August 1, 1952; on the other hand, mainland birds have sometimes been assigned to clarionensis also.</p><br>
<p>The Clarión population of the critically endangered Townsends shearwater (Puffinus auricularis) was probably extirpated in 1988 due to the feral pigs depredations on the young and nesting birds.</p><br>
<h3>Plants</h3><br>
<p>Endemic plant taxa of Clarión are:</p><br>
<p>Aristida tenuifolia</p><br>
<p>Ipomoea halierca</p><br>
<p>Physalis clarionensis</p><br>
<p>Brickellia peninsularis var. amphithalassaBulbostylis nesiotica, Cheilanthes peninsularis var. insularis, Cyperus duripes, Euphorbia anthonyi, Nicotiana stocktonii, Perityle socorrosensis, Spermacoce nesiotica and Zapoteca formosa ssp. rosei are Revillagigedo endemics which Clarión shares with either San Benedicto or Socorro. Whether Teucrium townsendii var. townsendii is the same plant as on San Benedicto is not conclusively determined.</p><br>
<p>There has not been recent dedicated research on the impact the sheep and rabbits had on the local flora. While no plants seem to have gone extinct on the other Revillagigedo Islands, Clarión is one most heavily affected by introduced herbivores.</p><br>
<p>Willingdon Islands is the largest artificial island in India, which forms part of the city of Kochi, in the state of Kerala, India. Much of the present Willingdon Island was claimed from the Lake of Kochi, filling in dredged soil around a previously existing, but tiny, natural island. Willingdon Island is significant as the home for the Port of Kochi, as well as the Kochi Naval Base  of the Indian Navy and Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, a constituent unit of Indian Council of Agricultural Research.</p><br>
<p>The island is also home for other establishments associated with the port, namely, the Office of the Cochin Port Trust (that controls the Port of Kochi), the Customs Office, and more than two dozen export-import offices, warehouses, a few hotels and business centers.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Conception</h3><br>
<p>The idea of developing a new port in Kochi was first felt by Sir Robert Bristow, who was appointed by Lord Willingdon, then-the Governor of Madras Presidency, to create a new modern port on the West coast of India at Kochi.</p><br>
<h3>Construction</h3><br>
<p>The island was created during the construction of modern port in 1936, with the soil dredged out while deepening the Vembanad Lake to accommodate the new port. It was named after The 1st Earl of Willingdon, the Viceroy of India at the time, who commissioned the project. Robert Bristow, the chief protagonist and engineer for the project, owned the first building on the island.</p><br>
<p>The first liner, which belonged to the Bibby Line, arrived at the island on 9 March 1935. A port hostel, called Malabar Hotel, was built for passengers who wished to rest on the island.</p><br>
<p>All the pre-planned basic port structure was completed in 1939, just in time for the Second World War. A deep wharf, a rail bridge and a road bridge to the mainland provided valuable infrastructure for the local war effort. A naval works was also constructed on the adjacent Venduruthy Island to the south, where, by the end of the war, they were busily constructing landing craft for the presumed invasion of Japan. In 1940 a passenger jetty and customs house were built adjoining the hotel, together with a passenger platform and rail siding.</p><br>
<h3>British military use</h3><br>
<p>The Royal Air Force quickly found use for this flat expanse of conveniently located virgin territory, and constructed a large aerodrome. The artificial isle thus became a thriving military base. The Malabar Hotel provided quarters for all the wartime staff and the building gained a new administrative block next door to it. A new post office, an open-air swimming-bath between the hotel and offices, and a branch bank adjoining both, completed the amenities.</p><br>
<h3>Since 1947</h3><br>
<p>Control of the transport hub was transferred from the British Empire to India in 1947, when the latter gained independence. During its short colonial tenure the island had handled at most one million tons of freight, by 1960 this had almost doubled. The island aerodrome was extensively developed and became the city’s modern airport. Nowadays Cochin has an international Airport at Nedumbassery, 30 km north-east of the city, while the airstrip on the island turned into the naval air station INS Garuda. The remaining space on the island was quickly utilized in the 1950s, and far from being an unnatural appendage of the picturesque and ancient city, the isle, left behind by the British so soon after its completion, became the commercial heart of the ancient metropolis of Cochin.</p><br>
<p>It is a major port in India, and a landmark in the city of Kochi. Willingdon Island is connected to the mainland by Venduruthy Bridge, which has road and railway links. The headquarters of the Southern Naval Command of the Indian Navy is located on the island. Cochin shipyard is also located near this island. It is also a major tourist centre. Willingdon Island is also home to several hotels and commercial offices.</p><br>
<p>Apart from these, it is here that the airport used to be positioned (until it was moved to present location in Nedumbassery near Kochi) along with the shipbuilding yard, wharf, the Southern Naval Command Headquarters and the customs house. Cochin Chamber of Commerce and Industries has been strategically placed here, as is the Government of India Tourist Information Office in the vicinity of the airport. This island is a hub of activity with a number of offices, branches of national and international banks, travel agencies and souvenir shop warehouses.</p><br>
<p>The Old Well is a small, neoclassical rotunda located on the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill campus at the southern end of McCorkle Place. The current decorative form of the Old Well was modeled after the Temple of Love in the Gardens of Versailles and was completed in 1897. It was designed by the university registrar Eugene Lewis Harris , an artist and 1881 graduate of the institution, who served as registrar from 1894 to 1901. It is the most enduring symbol of UNC.</p><br>
<p>The Old Well is located between Old East and Old West residence halls. For many years, it served as the sole water supply for the university. In 1897, the original well was replaced and given its present signature structure by university president Edwin A. Alderman. In 1954, the university built benches, brick walls, and planted various flower beds and trees around the Old Well.</p><br>
<p>Today, passers-by can drink from a marble water fountain supplying city water that sits in the center of the Old Well. Campus tradition dictates that a drink from the Old Well on the first day of classes will bring good luck (or straight A&#39;s).</p><br>
<p>The Old Well is recognized as a National Landmark for Outstanding Landscape Architecture by the American Society of Landscape Architects. The Old Well is also used on the official stamp of all apparel licensed by the university. Because of its status as a symbol of the university, it is the target of vandals around the time of Carolina - State sporting events.</p><br>
<h2>Old Well Walk</h2><br>
<p>On game days from the 2001-2012 football seasons, the North Carolina Tar Heels football team traveled from the team hotel and was dropped off in the center of campus, which is the Old Well. From there, the team walked from the Old Well through Tar Heel Town and into the Kenan Football Stadium. This walk was usually packed with fans hoping to see their favorite player(s). The Old Well walk started approximately two and a half hours prior to kickoff.</p><br>
<p>Mount Ansel Adams is a peak in the Sierra Nevada of California. The summit is in Yosemite National Park near the park&#39;s eastern boundary. It lies 0.8 mi northeast of Foerster Peak and 1.3 mi west-southwest of Electra Peak at the head of the Lyell Fork of the Merced River. It was named in 1985 for Ansel Adams, the preeminent landscape photographer, conservationist, and member of the Board of Directors of the Sierra Club, a role he maintained for 37 years.</p><br>
<p>A Description of Yosemite (1851). Printed for the celebration honoring the designation of Yosemite National Park as a World Heritage Site and the naming of Mount Ansel Adams, Saturday, August 24, 1985, Tuolumne Meadows, Soda Springs, Yosemite National Park. Designed and printed by Adrian Wilson at the Press in Tuscany Alley, San Francisco.</p><br>
<p>Afon Llugwy is a tributary of the River Conwy, and has its source at Ffynnon Llugwy, a lake in the Carneddau range of mountains in Snowdonia in north-west Wales.</p><br>
<h2>Location and catchment area</h2><br>
<p>The average annual rainfall in the catchment of the Llugwy is the highest recorded in England and Wales.</p><br>
<p>The Llugwy largely follows the route of the A5, passing firstly through the village of Capel Curig, then on to fall over the Swallow Falls, a popular tourist attraction.</p><br>
<p>On entering Betws-y-Coed it is crossed by the Miner&#39;s Bridge, a curious wooden bridge set at a steep incline over the river, and shortly after passing under Pont-y-pair road bridge it flows beside the main street before its confluence with the Conwy at the northernmost end of the golf course.</p><br>
<p>The River Llugwy in Landscape Painting.</p><br>
<p>The Llugwy was a favourite of many well-known Victorian artists such as Frederick William Hulme. The beautiful scenery around its banks was the subject of numerous important British paintings and was included in many Royal Academy exhibits.</p><br>
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<p>Bitihorn  is a mountain in the southernmost outskirts of Jotunheimen, Norway. It is situated due west of national route 51, and is therefore a landmark for tourists following that popular route.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The mountain is steep towards south and east, and there is a subtle change in the rock layers between the sparagmite foundation and the summit which consists of the much harder gabbro rock. The summit is one of the southernmost outcrops of gabbro in the vicinity, and Bitihorn is therefore significantly higher than its neighbors to the south and east. Underneath the sparagmite layer, lies a layer of extremely nutritious slate, called phyllite. That layer and its subsequent plant cover is the reason for the many mountain pastures in the area.</p><br>
<p>It is also quite easy to see how the different rock layers have been pushed upon each other from a north-northwest direction, so that the northern slope is quite easy, whereas the southern (and in this case the eastern) is extremely steep. This can be seen in all the neighboring peaks, like Skyrifjell, Heklefjell and Olefjell.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism and WW II</h2><br>
<p>In 1811 the peak was climbed for the first time in recorded history by the botanist Christen Smith. Except for the expedition by Jens Esmark in 1798 this biological expedition was the first mountaineering effort in Norway. Smith also climbed the much higher Besshø, further north.</p><br>
<p>Tourism soared in the late 19th century after the erection of Raudfjordheim lodge and later the hotels Bygdin and Bygdisheim in the vicinity. The extraordinary scenery attracted tourists from far away, among them queen Wilhelmine of the Netherlands, who stayed at Bygdisheim. In 1905 the boat route on lake Bygdin (1060 m above sea level - different elevations can be found since the lake is dammed), was opened. The boat, which is aptly named Bitihorn, still traffics the route from Bygdin Hotel to Eidsbugarden hotel in the western end for about ten weeks each summer. This was in the beginning of the 20th century a remarkable feat since there were no roads leading to the lake, but the boat was dragged there.</p><br>
<p>During WW II the steep east side was used by the German alpine troops for training. It is still possible to see at least one of the campsites used by them on the west side of the road. Earlier, until the 70s, paths of their mules could still be seen in the huge talus slope on the east side. The path is still there, but it is now made by sheep. Ruins of the mule stables, dug out in the soft soil on the east side of the road, are still visible. On the southern shoulder it is possible to find small one-man-shelters with holes for the guns. Some of these are probably built later as replicas, but some of them derives from 1941-1942.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>Bitihorn has become somewhat a symbolic sentry tower for the municipality of Øystre Slidre. It can be seen from most of the valley and the mountain plains on both sides. At the tourist resort, Beitostølen, which is only some km distant, it is used as the symbol of the tourist industry. The peak is climbed by an enormous number of tourists and locals during the summer season, mostly. It is easy to ascend from the north, even in the winter it is accessible.</p><br>
<p>It can also be climbed from the south, but good route knowledge is required in order to avoid technical climbing. From the northeast the route is well marked.</p><br>
<p>On the summit there is a huge antenna and a small cabin, which is closed to the public. The view from the summit is wonderful. To the south and east very little blocks the view to the rest of Valdres. To the north the Rasletind, Kalvehøgde, Torfinnstindene and Galdebergstind mountains dominates the view, and to the west you can see the forbidding spire of Falketind.</p><br>
<h2>The name</h2><br>
<p>The first element is derived from the verb bite bite, the last element is horn n horn, sharppointed mountain - thus the bitten horn.</p><br>
<p>Eiderstedt  is a peninsula in the district of Nordfriesland in the German federal state of Schleswig-Holstein.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>It is approximately 30 km in length and 15 km in width and has been created through diking (polders) from three islands: Eiderstedt around Tönning, Utholm around Tating, and Evershop around Garding. The diking started around the year 1000 AD.</p><br>
<p>Since these three islands were administrative districts of their own, the area was originally called Dreilande - "Three Lands".</p><br>
<p>Alluvial soil won from the North Sea makes the area well-suited for agriculture. At present, tourism dominates, particularly in the city of Sankt Peter-Ording on the peninsulas western tip. The Westerhever lighthouse is the peninsulas main emblem and the most prominent lighthouse in Germany. The Wadden Sea, the Eider Barrage on the Eider River and the Katinger Watt, marshlands won from the sea in the process of the construction of the Eidersperrwerk, are other tourist attractions on the peninsula.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The constant threat of the sea overcoming their habitations forced Eiderstedt to a special form of self-administration at a very early stage as diking was only possible through strong cooperation. Originally settled by Frisians, Eiderstedt was part of the Duchy of Schleswig from the 14th century on.</p><br>
<p>In 1864, the Danish Duchy of Schleswig became part of Prussia. Prussian administration gave Eiderstedt independence as a district. In 1970, the district of Eiderstedt was merged with the districts of Husum and Südtondern to form the district of Nordfriesland.</p><br>
<h2>Amt Eiderstedt</h2><br>
<p>The peninsula represents also a same named Amt, with the administrative seat in the town of Garding. The only town of the peninsula not part of the Amt is Tönning.</p><br>
<p>The Saladillo Stream  is a small tributary of the Paraná River, that discharges into it between the cities of Rosario and Villa Gobernador Gálvez, in the . It serves as the political border between these two towns of the Greater Rosario area, and is one of the two important affluents of the Paraná in the area, together with the Ludueña Stream in the north.</p><br>
<p>Although in Spanish the Saladillo is called an arroyo, it is not an arroyo in the English sense of a dry or intermittent stream. The Spanish word arroyo means "stream" or "brook", but the Saladillo is a sizable river with a drainage basin encompassing 3,205 km&sup2;. Río Saladillo is a variant name in Spanish. Its water services an important area in the southern part of Santa Fe province—both economically for agriculture, and demographically, since its last few kilometres flow through inside a densely populated area (Rosario has over a million residents). The port of Villa Gobernador Gálvez is located on the mouth of the Saladillo.</p><br>
<p>Most of the Saladillo is canalized, and parts are channelized, as are its main tributaries. It requires periodic dredging to support its massive use for agriculture, which in turn degrades the water quality with pollutants such as pesticides and fertilizers, and tends to fill the river with sediments produced by erosion. The Saladillo&#39;s riparian zone is subject to flooding. The lower course is an urban stream, and is polluted by industrial and domestic waste.</p><br>
<p>The Argonaut Mine is a gold mine in Jackson, California, United States. The deposit was discovered 1850 and was the site of the worst gold-mining disaster in the state&#39;s history. The mine closed in 1942 and, along with the nearby Kennedy Mine, is registered as California Historical Landmark #786.</p><br>
<p>The gold deposit was discovered by two miners, James Hager and William Tudor. The mine&#39;s serious development began in 1893 when it was purchased by the Argonaut Mining Company. The mine operated until 1942, reaching a vertical depth of 5,570 ft via a 63-degree shaft and produced more than $25 million in gold.</p><br>
<h2>The disaster</h2><br>
<p>On August 27, 1922, 47 miners, mostly immigrants from Italy, Spain, and Serbia, were trapped in a fire 4,650 ft below ground. Other miners who had been near the surface poured water down the shaft in an attempt to put out the flames. By dawn, townspeople and other miners arrived to help, but it took two-and-a-half days for the fire to be extinguished.</p><br>
<p>Rescuers began re-opening tunnels from the Kennedy Mine which had been closed since an earlier fire in 1919. It was slow going, but hopes remained high until September 18, when a canary inserted beyond a bulkhead by oxygen-tank-equipped workers died. Still, it took three weeks to reach the level at which the miners were trapped. None survived, and evidence indicated that they had all died within hours of the fire&#39;s breaking out. One of the bodies was not recovered until a year later. Most likely, water flushed down the shaft carried his body further into the mine, but in the intervening time, newspapers speculated he had fled the mine to start a new life.</p><br>
<p>It was determined that the mine had violated safety regulations, but the owners escaped punishment, as the United States Bureau of Mines had little enforcement power. The cause of the fire was never determined and put down to "incendiarism," a broad term meaning either arson or defective wiring.</p><br>
<h2>Cultural reference</h2><br>
<p>Argonaut High School located in Jackson, California, is named after the mine.</p><br>
<h2>Listing as Superfund Site</h2><br>
<p>The April 10, 2016 issue of the Stockton Record Newspaper reports the Argonaut Mine in Jackson may be the first mining site in the Sierra Nevada Motherlode to be listed as an EPA Superfund Site. Mine tailings and waste from ore processing left 1 million cubic yards of material tainted with arsenic, lead and mercury within the limits of the city of Jackson. Single family homes and part of the Jackson high school were built on waste rock piles from the mine. Other waste from the mine is now held back by the Eastwood Multiple Arch Dam, which the EPA says is at risk of failure. There are no commercial organizations responsible for mining still in existence to be held responsible for the mine clean-up. Listing the mine as a Superfund site will make the mine eligible for federal clean-up funds.</p><br>
<p>Stone Hill Winery is a Missouri winery located in Hermann, Missouri, along the Missouri River, in what is called the Missouri Rhineland of the Hermann AVA. Established by German immigrants in 1847, it is the largest winery in the state.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>At the turn of the 20th century, Stone Hill Winery was the largest winery west of the Mississippi River in the United States, the second largest winery in the United States, and the third largest winery in the world. It produced 1,250,000 gallons in 1900. Its wine had won numerous awards in international fairs, including Vienna in 1873, Philadelphia in 1876, and St. Louis in 1904. Due to Prohibition, the winery was closed in 1920, along with virtually all others in the nation. During this time, the owners earned money by using its wine cellars to grow mushrooms for sale until 1965.</p><br>
<p>In 1965 Jim and Betty Held made Stone Hill Winery the first in Missouri to be re-established.</p><br>
<p>The Old Stone Hill Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1969.</p><br>
<p>Zerhoun  is a mountain in Morocco, north of Meknes. On the hill is the Moulay Idris Zarhona town, named after Moulay Idris I, the founder of the Idrisid dynasty who was buried there in 791 AD.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Since the whole town of Moulay Idris is considered a sanctuary, it pays no taxes, and provides no soldiers. Non-Muslims are allegedly forbidden within the village after dark. This is plausible, considering the lack of lodging.</p><br>
<p>Near the Zerhoun range are the ruins of Volubilis, or Pharaohs Castle, once the Roman capital, and the first home of Idris I. It was settled by Phoenicians or Carthaginians prior to the conclusion of the Punic Wars, when it was annexed by Rome. After the withdrawal of Rome, Christian Berbers continued to inhabit Volubilis until the seventh century AD (Bidwell, 2005). Volubilis has been designated as a World Heritage Site.</p><br>
<p>The stone spheres  of Costa Rica are an assortment of over three hundred petrospheres in Costa Rica, located on the Diquís Delta and on Isla del Caño. Locally, they are known as Las Bolas . The spheres are commonly attributed to the extinct Diquís culture and are sometimes referred to as the Diquís Spheres. They are the best-known stone sculptures of the Isthmo-Colombian area. They are thought to have been placed in lines along the approach to the houses of chiefs, but their exact significance remains uncertain.</p><br>
<p>The Palmar Sur Archeological Excavations are a series of excavations of a site located in the southern portion of Costa Rica, known as the Diquís Delta. The excavations have centered on a site known as "Farm 6", dating back to the Aguas Buenas Period (300–800 CE) and Chiriquí Period (800–1550 CE).</p><br>
<p>In June 2014, the Precolumbian Chiefdom Settlements with Stone Spheres of the Diquis was added to the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The spheres range in size from a few centimetres to over 2 m in diameter, and weigh up to 15 tons. Most are sculpted from gabbro, the coarse-grained equivalent of basalt. There are a dozen or so made from shell-rich limestone, and another dozen made from a sandstone. They appear to have been made by hammering natural boulders with other rocks, then polishing with sand. The degree of finishing and precision of working varies considerably. The gabbro came from sites in the hills, several kilometres away from where the finished spheres are found, though some unfinished spheres remain in the hills.</p><br>
<h2>Geographic setting and location</h2><br>
<p>The archaeological site of Palmar Sur is located in the southern portion of Costa Rica, known as the Diquís Delta, and in the southernmost part of the Puntarenas Province. The Diquís Delta is defined as the alluvial plain with the geographical boundaries of the Fila Grisera to the north and east, the Pacific Ocean to the west, and the Osa Mountains comprising the southern boundary.</p><br>
<p>The Site is located in Palmar Sur, southern Costa Rica. The site is located on approximately 10 hectares of property that was previously owned by the United Fruit Company in the alluvial plain of the Térraba River.</p><br>
<h2>Site description</h2><br>
<p>The archaeological site of Farm 6 has been dated to the Aguas Buenas Period (300–800 CE) and Chiriquí Period (800–1550 CE). It was a multifunctional site accommodating a settlement and a cemetery, and remains of monumental architecture and sculpture are also present on the site. The monumental architecture consists of two mounds which were constructed with retaining walls made of rounded river cobbles and filled with earth. The site contains multiple locations where large stone spheres are found in situ. Additionally, since many of the stone spheres in the region were removed from their original locations and serve as landscape decoration, the site has become a storage location for spheres that have been returned to the National Museum.</p><br>
<h2>Pre-Columbian history</h2><br>
<p>The stones are believed to have been first created around the year 600, with most dating to after 1000 but before the Spanish conquest. The only method available for dating the carved stones is stratigraphy, but most stones are no longer in their original locations. The culture of the people who made them disappeared after the Spanish conquest.</p><br>
<h2>Post-contact history</h2><br>
<p>The spheres were discovered in the 1930s as the United Fruit Company was clearing the jungle for banana plantations. Workmen pushed them aside with bulldozers and heavy equipment, damaging some spheres. Additionally, inspired by stories of hidden gold, workmen began to drill holes into the spheres and blow them open with sticks of dynamite. Several of the spheres were destroyed before authorities intervened. Some of the dynamited spheres have been reassembled and are currently on display at the National Museum of Costa Rica in San José.</p><br>
<p>The first scientific investigation of the spheres was undertaken shortly after their discovery by Doris Stone, a daughter of a United Fruit executive. These were published in 1943 in American Antiquity, attracting the attention of Samuel Kirkland Lothrop of the Peabody Museum at Harvard University. In 1948, he and his wife attempted to excavate an unrelated archaeological site in the northern region of Costa Rica. The government had just disbanded its professional army, and the resulting civil unrest threatened the security of Lothrops team. In San José he met Doris Stone, who directed the group toward the Diquís Delta region in the southwest ("Valle de Diquís" refers to the valley of the lower Río Grande de Térraba, including the Osa Canton towns of Puerto Cortés, Palmar Norte, and Sierpe) and provided them with valuable dig sites and personal contacts. Lothrops findings were published in Archaeology of the Diquís Delta, Costa Rica 1963.</p><br>
<p>In 2010, University of Kansas researcher John Hoopes visited the site of the Stone Spheres to evaluate their eligibility for protection as a Unesco World Heritage Site.</p><br>
<h2>Historical background</h2><br>
<p>Before the arrival of the Companía Bananera de Costa Rica, a branch of the United Fruit Company, and banana plantations in the 1930s, vegetation in this area offered a great deal of biodiversity in both plant and animal resources. Resources available to Precolumbian inhabitants in this alluvial plain consisted of riverine and ocean resources, including mangrove forests located in the Terraba and Sierpe Rivers.</p><br>
<p>The rich alluvial soils of this region facilitated historical agriculture since the 1930s. The United Fruit Company dominated this southern region with banana plantations as early as the 1920s in Parrita and Quepos. The UFCO entered Palmar Sur in the 1930s under the name of Companía Bananera de Costa Rica in an effort to avoid antimonopoly legislature. Today the landscape is still carved into agricultural fields which are owned by co-ops and consist of plantain, banana, and palm plantations.</p><br>
<h2>Early researchers in the region</h2><br>
<p>Scientific research in the alluvial plain, particularly on United Fruit Company properties, began in the 1940s with the work of Doris Zemurray Stone and Samuel Lothrop. Lothrop&#39;s work focused on excavation at a handful of sites, one being Farm 4. His work aimed to document all archaeological sites containing "in situ" stone spheres, to record the number of spheres and their dimensions, and to make detailed maps illustrating both their arrangement and alignments.</p><br>
<p>After the work of Lothrop and Stone, research in the area took a hiatus for nearly fifty years. In the 1990s, Claude Baudez and a team of researchers set out to establish a ceramic chronology of the region by observing the change in ceramic styles over time. This was accomplished by examining the drainage ditches that were cut into the landscape by the UFCO. Research carried out by Ifigenia Quintanilla, under the direction of the MNCR from 1991–1996 was performed in the region under the project titled "Man and Environment in Sierpe-Terraba" focusing on settlement patterns, occupational sequences, and resources utilized in the region.</p><br>
<p>Francisco Corrales and Adrian Badilla, archaeologists with the Museo Nacional de Costa Rica, have performed continuous research in the region since 2002. Their research began in 2002 and focused on four archaeological sites in the region containing stone spheres and of which comprise a "circuit". These sites include Grijalba, Batambal, El Silencio, and "Farm 6". The purpose of the project was to assess the cultural significance of the sites, to protect the cultural heritage, in addition to beginning research and studies at the sites. Corrales and Badilla produced a booklet entitled El Paisaje Cultural del Delta del Diquís which provides a quick overview on the history of the Diquís Delta, the history of banana plantations and the UFCO, the natural environment, archaeological sites in the region, and the importance of the Diquís region as an UNESCO World Heritage Site. Research has continued in the region by Corrales and Badilla focusing on the archaeology and the Precolumbian political structure in the Diquís Delta. Research emphasis was on chiefdoms and their associated archaeological indicators. Their objectives were to study the archaeological sites containing stone spheres in the Diquís Subregion to gain an understanding of community configuration, activity areas, sequences of occupation, and the recording of monumental architecture.</p><br>
<h2>Current research</h2><br>
<p>Research is currently ongoing at the "Farm 6" site under the direction of archaeologists at the Museo Nacional de Costa Rica. The first field season in which archaeological excavations were undertaken was in 2005. Objectives during this field season included defining the area in which two mounds were located, sphere alignments, and various excavations associated with mound 2. In 2007, as second field season was undertaken focusing on archaeological excavations of Mound 1. During this field season, a stone sphere was discovered "in situ" in association with the mound.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>Archaeo-tourism is a concept that is still relatively new in Costa Rica. To date, the national monument of Guayabo de Turrialba is primarily the only archaeological site open for tourism. Tourism on a smaller scale is occurring at the site of Farm 6 but is open to visitors upon paying a nominal fee to tour the museum display and then tour the grounds, viewing some of the discovery sites. It is no longer necessary to have an appointment. Future plans of the MNCR are to open the site to tourism on a larger scale and to include other sites nearby in the region.</p><br>
<h2>Myths</h2><br>
<p>Numerous myths surround the stones, such as they came from Atlantis, or that they were made as such by nature. Some local legends state that the native inhabitants had access to a potion able to soften the rock. Limestone, for example, can be dissolved by acidic solutions obtained from plants. Research led by Joseph Davidovits of the Geopolymer Institute in France has been offered in support of this hypothesis. However, most of the spheres were created from gabbro, an acid-resistant igneous rock.</p><br>
<p>In the cosmogony of the Bribri, which is shared by the Cabecares and other American ancestral groups, the stone spheres are “Tara’s cannon balls”. Tara or Tlatchque, the god of thunder, used a giant blowpipe to shoot the balls at the Serkes, gods of winds and hurricanes, in order to drive them out of these lands.</p><br>
<p>It has been claimed that the spheres are perfect, or very near perfect in roundness, although some spheres are known to vary over 5 cm in diameter. Also, the stones have been damaged and eroded over the years, and so it is impossible to know exactly their original shape. A review of the way that the stones were measured by Lothrop reveals that claims of precision are due to misinterpretations of the methods used in their measurement. Although Lothrop published tables of ball diameters with figures to three decimal places, these figures were actually averages of measurements taken with tapes that were nowhere near that precise.</p><br>
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<p>Turban Geyser is a geyser in the Upper Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park in the United States.</p><br>
<p>Turban Geyser belongs to the Grand Group (or Grand Geyser Complex), and its eruption is tied to Grand Geyser. In the hours prior to Grands eruption, Turban will have five-minute eruptions every 15–25 minutes. These eruptions measure 5–10 feet (2–3 m) in height. During Grands eruption, Turban erupts continuously reaching up to 20 feet (6 m). Following an eruption of Grand, Turban will continue to erupt intermittently for an hour or so along with Vent Geyser. At times, it is not possible to see Turban erupting through the steam and spray of Grand Geyser.</p><br>
<p>Turban Geyser was named for the similarity in appearance of the sinter deposits in its basin to the turban headpiece. Dr. A.C. Peale named the geyser in 1872.</p><br>
<p>Swinside is a hill in the northwestern area of the English Lake District. It is small, wooded and surrounded by much bigger and more popular fells, meaning it is often overlooked. Alfred Wainwright, for instance, failed to include it in his pictorial guides to fells in the Lake District.</p><br>
<p>Unlike many of its grander neighbours, Swinside is a Marilyn as a result of being surrounded by a moat of low boggy ground. Until recently it was also completely covered by trees, but a track now leads up to the summit where the trees have been felled. The land is privately owned and there is no public footpath to the summit although the owner recently allowed local residents from the nearby village of Portinscale to visit the summit on a sponsored walk.</p><br>
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<p>Knight Foundry, also known as Knight&#39;s Foundry and Shops, is a cast iron foundry and machine shop in Sutter Creek, California. It was established in 1873 to supply heavy equipment and repair facilities to the gold mines and timber industry of the Mother Lode. Samuel N. Knight developed a high speed, cast iron impulse water turbine which was a forerunner of the Pelton wheel design. Knight Wheels were used in some of the first hydroelectric plants in California, Utah, and Oregon. This site is the last water-powered foundry and machine shop in the United States. A 42 in Knight Wheel drives the main line shaft, with smaller water motors powering other machines.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Samuel Knight came west to California from Maine in 1863. His Knight Wheel was the first kind of water turbine where a high-pressure nozzle from which the water originated was aimed slightly off-center to the cups that caught the water, allowing the energy created by water&#39;s splashing not to be wasted. By the 1890s, more than 300 Knight Wheels had been produced and were in widespread use across the Western United States.</p><br>
<p>Lester Allan Pelton&#39;s competing Pelton Wheel was developed in 1878, based on a similar concept, but using two cups side-by-side and having the nozzle pointed directly between the cups. It turned out to be more efficient, the two types having been directly compared in a competition in 1883. The Pelton Wheel went on to become the industry standard. Recognizing the superior design, Knight developed an improved electrical governor that controlled the flow of water to the nozzle for any type of impulse water turbine.</p><br>
<p>During the California Gold Rush, the foundry was just one of many such in the area, producing items necessary for the times, such as mining equipment and street lights for the growing region. As the years passed and the gold was exhausted, the foundry stayed in business by creating specialized parts that could not be easily mass-produced. Additionally, Knight invented several other types of mining equipment, with the foundry having a total of eight patents for machines designed in his shop, one of them being after Knight&#39;s death. Knight dredger pumps were used in San Francisco Bay, Puget Sound, and the Willamette and Columbia Rivers.</p><br>
<p>Knight died in 1913 and left the ownership of the foundry to his employees, and it stayed in employee hands until 1970 when the last employee-owner died. At that point, it was purchased by Carl Borgh, an aerospace engineer from Southern California who was originally a customer.</p><br>
<p>The foundry stayed in business until 1996 when Borgh retired, after which it survived for a while as a museum, but there was not enough business to offset the high insurance costs of the equipment. Borgh died in 1998 and his estate sold the company to Richard and Melissa Lyman in 2000, a couple who was in the business of preserving old buildings. Their purchase was simply to hold it until a non-profit organization founded by Andy Fahrenwald, a filmmaker who had come to create a documentary film about the foundry, had enough funds to purchase it. However, Fahrenwalds organization could never raise enough money. In 2007 the City of Sutter Creek agreed to buy it from the Lymans, but could not come to an agreement on terms suitable to both parties, and negotiations ended in August 2010. The Lymans generously donated the buildings and land to the City Of Sutter Creek on December 31, 2016. A preservation plan is currently pending.</p><br>
<h2>Process</h2><br>
<p>Wood craftsmen begin by making a model of the desired metal object from hardwood, using lathes, saws, and planes, which were all powered by the Knight Wheels. The model, called a pattern, is then placed in a casting flask, in its simplest form a topless and bottomless box split in half around its perimeter. The flask is placed on a board and a sand mixture (containing seacoal, bentonite clay, and pitch) poured and rammed around the pattern. The additives harden and stabilize the sand so that the flask can be split apart and the pattern removed leaving an exact impression or mold in the sand. The pattern can be reused almost indefinitely to create more molds in additional casting flasks. A channel or gate is left in the sand so that when the flask is rejoined, the ironworkers can pour the molten iron into it through the opening. When the iron has solidified the flask is broken apart, destroying the sand mold in the process, to reveal the rough casting.</p><br>
<h2>Present status</h2><br>
<p>The foundry is registered as a California Historical Landmark. and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is also designated a Mechanical Engineering Historic Site by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), and has been declared one of America&#39;s Most Endangered Places by the Smithsonian Institution. The land and buildings were donated to the city of Sutter Creek, California on December 31st, 2016. An open house was held on March 4th, 2017 with much of the equipment shown operating. The open house coincides with fundraising to purchase the equipment within the buildings and to further establish a living museum.</p><br>
<p>D&#39;Agostini Winery refers to both a winery in Healdsburg, California  owned by Armagan Champagne Cellars as well as the original vineyard and wine cellar located in Plymouth, Amador County, which are owned by Sobon Estate Winery. The original wine cellar is registered as a California Historical Landmark.</p><br>
<p>It is the third-oldest winery in the state, started in 1856 by Adam Uhlinger, a Swiss immigrant, who brought grapevines with him from Europe to Amador County. It was thought to be the first place where Zinfandel was planted in California, but later research has shown that many people were involved in bringing Zinfandel to California and that it is impossible to determine who truly was first. It is, however, the oldest in the state to continuously make Zinfandel and some of the original vines are even still in production.</p><br>
<p>In 1911, the winery and its 125 acre of vineyard were purchased by Enrico DAgostini, whom the winery is now named after. Armagan Champagne Cellars purchased the business in 1984, and the Amador County vineyard and wine cellar were sold to the Sobon family in 1989. Thus, bottles sold under the DAgostini label are produced by Armagan, but wine produced from the original vines comes from Sobon.</p><br>
<p>The original wine cellar, with walls made from rock quarried from nearby hills, hand-hewn beams, and oak casks, is still standing and is now part of the, which displays agriculture and wine artifacts.</p><br>
<p>Mariners&#39; Church of Detroit  is a church with worship services adhering to Anglican liturgical traditions located at 170 East Jefferson Avenue in Downtown Detroit, Michigan. It was founded in 1842 as a special mission to the maritime travelers of the Great Lakes and functioned as a parish of the Episcopal Diocese of Michigan until 1992, when the Michigan Court of Appeals ruled it was incorporated as an independent congregation. The church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971. The church is now part of the REC Diocese of Mid-America within the Anglican Church in North America.</p><br>
<p>The church grounds contain a bronze sculpture of George Washington wearing the apron of a master mason by Donald De Lue. The sculpture is a copy of the wax original created in 1959 and was installed in 1966.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>19th century</h3><br>
<p>The church was founded as a result of Julia Andersons bequest of the lot on which her own mansion stood, at the corner of Woodbridge and Woodward streets. The completion of the Erie Canal increased shipping traffic in the area, and the seamen, Anderson felt, were in need of spiritual support and care. Mariners was established in 1842 and incorporated in the state of Michigan in 1848; the present structure was consecrated the following year.</p><br>
<p>The original wood-frame church was sold to the congregation of Historic Trinity Lutheran Church for $200 when the current structure was completed. The Trinity congregation moved the building to Larned and Rivard streets.</p><br>
<p>Prior to the Civil War, the church was a stop on the Underground Railroad which black slaves followed North to Canada and freedom. In 1925, the church established Mariners&#39; Inn, a shelter that now offers rehabilitation, counseling and vocational services for homeless substance abusers.</p><br>
<h3>20th century</h3><br>
<p>The church was slated for demolition along with many neighboring structures in 1955 to make room for the new civic center. Trustee and Detroit News columnist George Stark urged his readers to help save the historic building and asked for small contributions of $5 or $10 to move the 60,000 lb (how little?) limestone edifice 880 ft east. The undertaking was detailed in the April 25, 1955, issue of Life magazine. Stark&#39;s appeal raised enough money to cover moving costs with money left to add stained glass windows, a west entry and a tower and to redecorate the interior of the church. During the move, workers discovered a tunnel under the building from its days as a stop on the Underground Railroad. It now sits atop part of the Detroit–Windsor Tunnel.</p><br>
<p>The new site for the church on Jefferson Avenue was where the Indian Council House was constructed after the 1805 fire. The house was used for meetings with local tribes and the first Protestant worship services in Detroit. It later was the site of the Army Corps of Engineers Topographical Corps offices. The office was established by Col. John Anderson, husband of Julia Anderson, Mariners&#39; benifactress.</p><br>
<h3>Independent congregation</h3><br>
<p>In August 1990, the Episcopal Diocese of Michigan filed a lawsuit claiming jurisdiction over Mariners Church as a parish within the Episcopal Church. Mariners Church held that it is an independent congregation free of denominational ties, while the Episcopal Church held that it had always considered the church an Episcopal congregation. The courts ruled in favor of Mariners&#39; Church in the initial case in 1990 and the appeal in 1992.</p><br>
<p>The Church uses the 1662 and American 1928 editions of the Book of Common Prayer. For many years from the 1950s through the 1980s, services were broadcast on radio station WWJ (AM).</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Mariners&#39; Church building is constructed of Lannon stone from Wisconsin, in the perpendicular gothic style of Gothic Revival architecture. It replaced an earlier wood structure on the same site. It measures 49 ft by 94 ft.</p><br>
<p>The east and west walls are divided into three bays by flat buttresses and the south wall into seven. The east wall contains a large window with gothic tracery above the chancel, measuring 15 ft wide by 25 ft high, and is flanked by a smaller window on each side. At each corner of the structure is an octagonal buttress. The buttresses on the east wall were originally capped by small stone spires and a cross capped the peak of the gable above the chancel window. The west wall contains a 12 ft diameter rose window, above which was a small bell tower.</p><br>
<p>In its original location, the north and west sides of the building abutted other structures and were not visible until the 1955 move. As part of the renovations in the new location, a new bell tower was added and the north wall, which now fronts Jefferson Avenue, was reconstructed to resemble the south wall and windows added.</p><br>
<h3>Interiors</h3><br>
<p>The ground floor which currently holds church offices and meeting rooms originally housed commercial tenants to provide income. The first tenants were the Post Office and bank and later occupants include a grocery, barber and laundry. Prior to its relocation, the main entrance to the church was also on the ground floor under the vestibule.</p><br>
<h3>Sanctuary</h3><br>
<p>The sanctuary is 43 ft by 75 ft with an organ gallery at the rear. The ceiling is wood with exposed beams artificially grained to resemble oak.</p><br>
<p>The 1849 pipe organ was installed by the Garret House Organ Company of Buffalo. This was replaced in 1966 by an organ given by architect Ralph Calder in memory of his wife, Helen.</p><br>
<p>The stained glass windows were created by the J&R Lamb Studios of New York City in 1955. The rose window on the west facade was a gift of the Browning family, in memory of their mother Bertie Ann Browning. Replicating a ship&#39;s compass, the window is an appropriate tribute inasmuch as the Browning family was associated with shipping on the Great Lakes through the Browning Steamship Co. and owned the Bob-Lo Boats and Bob-Lo Island. The windows on the side walls contain scenes from the history of Detroit and the Bible.</p><br>
<h3>1971 renovations</h3><br>
<p>In 1971, a second phase of renovations expanded the Chancel area; restored and refinished the Altar, Reredos, pews and floor; upgraded lighting, sound and electrical systems; covered sanctuary walls with vinyl; replaced the wooden tracery of the rose window with stone; installed an air conditioning system; and painted exterior woodwork.</p><br>
<h2>Commemorating those lost at sea</h2><br>
<p>Established to serve mariners, the church holds a Blessing of the Fleet every March for those going to sea, and a Great Lakes Memorial Service every November for those who have lost their lives at sea.</p><br>
<p>The church&#39;s bell tolled 29 times in November 1975 to mourn the loss of the freighter Edmund Fitzgerald; once for each of her 29 crew members. The church continued to hold an annual memorial, reading the names of the crewmen and ringing the church bell until 2006.</p><br>
<p>The church is mentioned in Gordon Lightfoots song "The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald", which goes: "In a musty old hall in Detroit, they prayed in the Maritime Sailors Cathedral. The church bell chimed &#39;til it rang 29 times for each man on the Edmund Fitzgerald." In 1985, Lightfoot performed the ballad at the tenth memorial service for the Edmund Fitzgerald. After viewing the sanctuary, Lightfoot proclaimed to the congregation that he wrote the song under a false impression and would in future performances refer to the church as a "...rustic old hall..."</p><br>
<p>On November 12, 2006, two days after the 31st anniversary of the sinking of the Edmund Fitzgerald, the church broadened its memorial ceremony to include the more than 1,000 lives lost on the Great Lakes. In 2006, the bell at Mariners&#39; Church tolled eight times, not the usual 29: five times for the five Great Lakes, a sixth time for the St. Clair and Detroit rivers, a seventh for the St. Lawrence Seaway, and an eighth time for military personnel whose lives were lost.</p><br>
<h2>Rectors</h2><br>
<p>Horace Hills 1849&ndash;?</p><br>
<p>Rufus Murray 1856&ndash;?</p><br>
<p>Alfred Lee Brewer 1859&ndash;?</p><br>
<p>A. M. Lewis 1865&ndash;?</p><br>
<p>E. W. Flower 1872&ndash;?</p><br>
<p>William Charles 1877&ndash;?</p><br>
<p>Paul Ziegler 1855&ndash;1915</p><br>
<p>Hubert W. Wells 1915&ndash;1917</p><br>
<p>Harry C. Robinson 1917&ndash;1921</p><br>
<p>John H. Lever 1921&ndash;1925</p><br>
<p>Harry I. Pearson 1925&ndash;1929</p><br>
<p>George Backhurst 1929&ndash;1942</p><br>
<p>David R. Covell 1942&ndash;1946</p><br>
<p>G. Paul Musselman 1946&ndash;1953</p><br>
<p>Elmer B. Usher 1956&ndash;1964</p><br>
<p>Richard W. Ingalls, Sr. 1965&ndash;2006</p><br>
<p>Richard W. Ingalls, Jr. 2006&ndash;2012</p><br>
<p>William Fleming 2013&ndash;present</p><br>
<p>From 1925 to 1957, Mariners Church did not have regular services; instead, the Rector served as Superintendent of Mariners Inn.</p><br>
<p>Black Lake is a lake in the municipality of Minden Hills, Haliburton County in Central Ontario, Canada.</p><br>
<p>The lake is approximately 2 kilometres long and 1 kilometre at its widest point, and the primary inflow, at the north, and outflow, at the south, is Black Creek. Black Creek flows to the Gull River, which in turn flows via the Kawartha Lakes, the Otonabee River and the Trent River to Lake Ontario. There is one named and privately owned island, Casimir Island.</p><br>
<p>Access to the lake is via two privately maintained roads leading east off of Ontario Highway 35, between the communities of Norland and Minden. There is a shared dock and approximately 100 cottages on the lake.</p><br>
<p>At the southern outflow, Black Creek offers marshy habitat to wildlife, such as loons, deer, beavers, and herons, as well as boating access to Moore Lake on the eastern side of Highway 35. At the south-eastern end, there are several cliffs.</p><br>
<p>Daisy Geyser is a geyser in the Upper Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park in the United States.</p><br>
<p>Daisy Geyser is part of the Daisy Group. It was named prior to 1890 by the Hague Party. It erupts every 110 to 240 minutes for a period of 3 to 5 minutes and is one of the most predictable geysers in the park. Its fountain erupts at an angle to the ground and reaches a height of 75 ft. The interval between eruptions can be temporarily altered by an eruption of nearby Splendid Geyser. To a smaller degree, Brilliant Pool and Comet Geyser are influenced by Splendid and Daisy.</p><br>
<p>Daisy Geyser was one of the Yellowstone geysers that had its eruption interval disrupted by the 2002 Denali earthquake, in Alaska. Immediately after the quake, the interval rapidly decreased but returned to previous intervals over the course of a few weeks.</p><br>
<p>Splendid Geyser is a geyser in the Upper Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park in the United States.</p><br>
<p>Splendid Geyser is part of the Daisy Group. Its eruptions are infrequent and unpredictable, unless it is active. When it does erupt, its fountain can reach a height of 200 feet (60 m). Eruptions are more likely if a storm front reduces barometric pressure and lowers the boiling point of water around the geyser. Eruptions last between 1 and 9 minutes.</p><br>
<p>Splendid Geyser is closely linked to Daisy Geyser. Most often, when Daisy is active, Splendid is inactive. In times when Daisy goes dormant, Splendid becomes very active. In rare occasions, both geysers will be active at the same leading to a "dual eruption". During a concert (dual) eruption Daisy and Splendid are both much stronger than usual. Then Splendid erupts to about 250 feet, The dual eruptions last from 30 to 120 minutes.</p><br>
